Carotenoids pigments from

It was concluded from the data that MAE can be applied for the efficient extraction of carotenoid pigments from paprika powder, however the amount and composition of the extracted pigment depends considerably on the composition of the extracting agent [30],... 

Isolation of Chlorophyll and Carotenoid Pigments from Spinach... 

Carotenoid pigment from flowers of Gazania rigens. Brownish red cryst. MeOH from MeOH-pet. ether. Loses MeOH at 80° in high vacuum. Deep red rectangular cryst. from CgHg-MeOH (1 4). M.p. 136-7°. Absorption maxima at 53(X), 4955, and 4630 A in CSj. 

Com endosperm oil—A reddish brown Hquid composed chiefly of glycerides, fatty acids, sitosterols, and carotenoid pigments obtained by isopropyl alcohol and hexane extraction from the gluten fraction of yellow com grain. 

Annatto is a colored pigment that is extracted from the Central and South American plant Bixa orellana. The color comes from the resinous outer covering of the seeds of the plant, which is composed of the carotenoid pigments bixin and norbixin and their esters. The central portion of those molecules is the same as that of the molecule beta-carotene, and the yellow-orange color of annatto comes from the same physical chemistry origins as the orange color of beta-carotene. 

ARMSTRONG G A (1994) Eubacteria show their ttue colours genetics of carotenoid pigment biosynthesis from microbes to plants , J Bacterial, 45, 4795-802. 

The bioaccessibility of a compound can be defined as the result of complex processes occurring in the lumen of the gut to transfer the compound from a non-digested form into a potentially absorbable form. For carotenoids, these different processes include the disruption of the food matrix, the disruption of molecular linkage, the uptake in lipid droplets, and finally the formation and uptake in micelles. Thus, the bioaccessibility of carotenoids and other lipophilic pigments from foods can be characterized by the efficiency of their incorporation into the micellar fraction in the gut. The fate of a compound from its presence in food to its absorbable form is affected by many factors that must be known in order to understand and predict the efficiency of a compound s bioaccessibility and bioavailability from a certain meal. ... 

Transferosomes represent another system of encapsulation using ultradeformable vesicle carriers for bioactive molecules, applied until now for direct transdermal drug delivery. They are built from polar lipids and have high flexibility, and are rich in unsaturated fatty acids and carotenoid pigments." ... 

The basic constituent of seashells is calcium carbonate, an insoluble compound formed from calcium ions secreted from the cells of the shellfish and carbonate ions present in seawater. But calcium carbonate is a white solid. The colors of seashells often arise from impurities and metabolic waste products captured in the solid shell as it is formed. Coloration is dictated by both diet and water habitat. For example, some cowries that live and feed on soft corals take on the hue of the coral species. Yellow and red colors often arise from carotenoid pigments such as //-carotene. Light refraction often generates the iridescent mother-of-pearl hues. 

It is of interest that carotenoid pigments (xanthophylls), sterols (spinasterol and chondrillasterol) and a triterpene alcohol have been identified in cucurbit seed oil (31, 3 , 37L However, cucurbit oils such as that from Buffalo gourcT are amenable to refining, bleaching and deodorizing (38). 

Paprika contains capsombin and capsanthin (Fig. 8.3) which occur mainly as the lauric acid esters, and about 20 other carotenoid pigments. Paprika is produced in many countries which have developed their own specialties. Cayenne or cayenne pepper, produced from a different cultivar of C. annum, is usually more pungent. C. frutescens is the source of the very pungent Tabasco sauce. Paprika oleoresin is produced by solvent extraction of the ground powder. Obviously paprika supplies both flavor and color and its use is limited to those products compatible with the flavor. The recent rise in demand for tomato products in the form of pizza, salsa, etc., has increased the demand for paprika. Paprika is used in meat products, soups, sauces, salad dressings, processed cheese, snacks, confectionery and baked goods.1018... 

Because of their versatility and simplicity, TLC methods have been frequently applied to the separation and semi-quantitative determination of carotenoid pigments in synthetic mixtures and various biological matrices. The retention of pure carotenoid standards has been measured in different TLC systems. Separations have been carried out on silica plates using three mobile phases (1) petroleum ether-acetone, 6 4 v/v (2) petroleum ether-tert-butanol 8 2 v/v, and (3) methanol-benzene-ethyl acetate 5 75 20 v/v. Carotenoids were dissolved in benzene and applied to the plates. Developments were performed in presaturated normal chambers. The chemical structure and the Rv values of the analytes measured in the three mobile phases are listed in Table 2.1. It was concluded from the retention data that mobile phase 3 is the most suitable for the separation of this set of carotenoids [13],... 

Fig. 2.28. Relative abundance of carotenoid pigments in zebra finch diet, plasma and tissue. The carotenoid profile of each sample was determined by conventional reversed-phase HPLC. Letters denote significant differences in carotenoid composition (within tissues only) as determined by post hoc paired comparisons. Reprinted with permission from K. J. McGraw et al. [67].

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