Extracellular signal

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a purine nucleotide involved in extracellular signalling, as well as acting as an intracellular energy source. 

Marshall CJ (1995) Specificity of receptor tyrosine kinase signaling transient versus sustained extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Cell 80 179-185... 

Horvath CM (2000) STAT proteins and transcriptional responses to extracellular signals. Trends Biochem Sci 25 496-502... 

Cellular functions are controlled by extracellular signals such as hormones, neurotransmitters, odorants, light and other chemical or physical stimuli. Only a few of these signal molecules, e.g., the highly lipid-soluble steroids or thyroid hormones, can diffiise across the... 

The induction of expression by a variety of extracellular signals of a relatively small set of common primary response genes. 

Quantitative differences in expression of primary response genes to different extracellular signals. 

Herschman, H.R. (1989). Extracellular signals, transcriptional responses and cellular specificity. Trends Biochem. Sci, 14, 455—458. 

Clark MJ, Harrison C, Zhong H, et al Endogenous RGS protein action modulates mu-opioid signaling through Galphao effects on adenylyl cyclase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and intracellular calcium pathways. J Biol Chem 278 9418-9425, 2003... 

Darnell JE Jr, Kerr IM, Stark GR Jak-STAT pathways and transcriptional activation in response to IFNs and other extracellular signaling proteins. Science 1994 264 l4l5. 

Deiva K, Geeraerts T, Salim H, Leclerc P, Hery C, Hugel B, Freyssinet JM, Tardieu M (2004) Fractalkine reduces N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced calcium flux and apoptosis in human neurons through extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation. Eur J Neurosci 20(12) ... 

Number of papers to date have shown that the CXCR4 receptors expressed in both neuronal and glial cells are functional and coupled to multiple intracellular pathways (Lazarini et al. 2003). The CXCR4 through pertussis toxin (PTX)- sensitive G proteins is coupled to at least two distinct signaling pathways (1) the first pathway, involving the activation of phosphatidylinositol- 3 (PI-3) kinase and extracellular signal... 

Bohn LM, Belcheva MM, Coscia CJ (2000) p-opioid agonist inhibition of kappa-opioid receptor-stimulated extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation is dynamin-dependent in C6 glioma cells. J Neurochem 74 574-581... 

PKA and PKC are, however, not the only kinases to regulate TRPVl. The Ca /calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) sensitizes TRPVl by phosphorylation [57, 58], as does phophatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) via its downstream target AKT [59]. This latter finding links TRPVl to the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) pathway. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src likewise potentiates capsaicin-induced currents [60]. 

Tilton B, Ho L, Oberlin E, et al. Signal transduction by CXC chemokine receptor 4. Stromal cell-derived factor 1 stimulates prolonged protein kinase B and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 activation in T lymphocytes. J Exp Med 2000 192(3) 313-324. 

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