Extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway

Sulpice E, Bryckaert M, Lacour J, Confreres JO, Tobelem G. Platelet factor 4 inhibits FGF2-induced endothelial cell proliferation via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway but not by the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase pathway. Blood 2002 100(9) 3087-3094. 

Deng, C. et al., Hydralazine may induce autoimmunity by inhibiting extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway signaling, Arthritis Rheum., 48, 746, 2003. 

Schbnwasser DC, Marais RM, Marshall C], Parker P) (1998) Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase C isotypes. Mol Cell Biol 18 90-798... 

Ruf, S., Piper, H.M., and Schlueter, K.-D. 2002. Specific role for the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway in angiotensin II- but not phenylephrine-induced cardiac hypertrophy in vitro. Pfluegers Arch. Eur. J. Physiol. 443 483 190. 

Ohkubo, N., Mitsuda, N., Tamatani, M., Yamaguchi, A., Lee, Y.D., Ogihara, T., Vitek, M.P., Tohyama, M. (2001). Apolipoprotein E4 stimulates cAMP response element-binding protein transcriptional activity through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 276 3046-53. 

Zhen X, Zhang J, Johnson GP, Friedman E. (2001) D(4) dopamine receptor differentially regulates Akt/nuclear factor-kappa b and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways in D(4)MN9D cells. Mol Pharmacol 60 857-864. 

Otani N, Nawashiro H, Fukui S, Ooigawa H, Ohsumi A, Toyooka T, Shima K (2007) Role of the activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway on histologiceil tind behavioral outcome after traumatic brain injury in rats. J CUn Neurosci 14 42-48... 

Also, Yoshida et al. [67] observed that 3T3-L1 adipocytes cell culture treatment with hesperetin and naringenin analytical standards showed anti-inflammatory effect. NFkB activation through TNF-a was inhibited with a consequent reduction in the secretion of interleukin-6 (IL-6). There was also observed an inhibition of ERK (extracellular signal regulated kinase) pathway causing a decreased activation of hormone sensitive lipase (HSL) contributing to reduce the insulin resistance. 

Quercetin-induced apoptosis of mature adipocytes oeeurs most probably through the modulation of the ERKs (Extracellular signal-regulated kinases) pathway, which is important in cell survival, differentiation and proliferation (Ahn et al., 2008, Yang et al, 2008). 

Sullivan DE, Ferris M, Pociask D, et al. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha induces transforming growth factor-betal expression in lung fibroblasts through the extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2005 32(4) 342-349. 

Lee Ml, Lin H, Liu CW et al (2008) Octylphenol stimulates resistin gene expression in 3T3-L1 adipocytes via the estrogen receptm and extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathways. Am J Physiol CeU Physiol 294(6) C1542-C1551... 

Clark MJ, Harrison C, Zhong H, et al Endogenous RGS protein action modulates mu-opioid signaling through Galphao effects on adenylyl cyclase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and intracellular calcium pathways. J Biol Chem 278 9418-9425, 2003... 

Tanaka-Kagawa, T. et al., Arsenite and arsenate activate extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2 by an epidermal growth factor receptor-mediated pathway in normal human keratinocytes, Br. J. Dermatol., 149, 1116, 2003. 

Figure 1 The MAPK pathway and its connections to other signals A negative feedback loop connects the phosphorylated endpoint of the pathway ERK (Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase) to the transcriptionally-driven synthesis of the phosphatase, MKP MAP kinase phosphatase. MKP then de-phosphorylates ERK to shut down the signaling cascade. The positive feedback loop again starts with the terminal kinase ERK which activates cPLA2 (cytosolic phospholipase A2). This leads to the synthesis of arachidonic acid, which, in turn activates protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is a positive regulator of RAS (Please see Color Plate Section in the back of this book).

Fig. 11. Modes of action of fluorine on osteoblastic cells, (a) Tyrosine phosphatase hypothesis in osteoblastic cells, fluoride ion directly inhibits tyrosine phosphatase. Inhibition of this enzyme enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules induced by receptor tyrosine kinase, which leads to activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) through the Ras pathway and enhanced cell proliferation, (b) G-protein hypothesis in osteoblast-like cells, fluoride ions form a complex with aluminum, probably fluoroaluminate, which interacts with guanosine 5 -diphosphate (GDP) to form guanosine 5 -triphosphate (GTP)-like molecule. Activation of the G, protein stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules by a yet unknown tyrosine kinase (Tyr Kin) and activation of the ERK kinase through the Ras pathway leads to enhanced cell proliferation. (Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Ref. [175] ...

Huang, C., Ma, W. Y.,Ryan, C. A., Dong,Z. (1997). Proteinase inhibitors I and II from potatoes speeifieally bloek UV-indueed activator protein-1 activation through a pathway that is independent of extracellular signal-regulated kinases, c-Jun N-terminal kinases, and P38 kinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., 94, 11957-11962. 

---