Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway

PKA and PKC are, however, not the only kinases to regulate TRPVl. The Ca /calmodulin-dependent kinase II (CaMKII) sensitizes TRPVl by phosphorylation [57, 58], as does phophatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) via its downstream target AKT [59]. This latter finding links TRPVl to the ERK (extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase) pathway. The non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src likewise potentiates capsaicin-induced currents [60]. 

Siwak DR, Shishodia S, Aggarwal BB, Kurzrock R. 2005. Curcumin-induced antiproliferative and proapoptotic effects in melanoma cells are associated with suppression of IkappaB kinase and nuclear factor kappaB activity and are independent of the B-Raf/mitogen-activated/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase pathway and the Akt pathway. Cancer 104 879-890. 

Kuroki M, O Flaherty JT Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-dependent and ERK-independent pathways target STAT3 on serine-727 in human neutrophils stimulated by chemotactic factors and cytokines. Biochem J 1999 341 691-696. 

Clark MJ, Harrison C, Zhong H, et al Endogenous RGS protein action modulates mu-opioid signaling through Galphao effects on adenylyl cyclase, extracellular signal-regulated kinases, and intracellular calcium pathways. J Biol Chem 278 9418-9425, 2003... 

Figure 1 The MAPK pathway and its connections to other signals A negative feedback loop connects the phosphorylated endpoint of the pathway ERK (Extracellular-signal Regulated Kinase) to the transcriptionally-driven synthesis of the phosphatase, MKP MAP kinase phosphatase. MKP then de-phosphorylates ERK to shut down the signaling cascade. The positive feedback loop again starts with the terminal kinase ERK which activates cPLA2 (cytosolic phospholipase A2). This leads to the synthesis of arachidonic acid, which, in turn activates protein kinase C (PKC). PKC is a positive regulator of RAS (Please see Color Plate Section in the back of this book).

Schbnwasser DC, Marais RM, Marshall C], Parker P) (1998) Activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated kinase pathway by conventional, novel, and atypical protein kinase C isotypes. Mol Cell Biol 18 90-798... 

Fig. 11. Modes of action of fluorine on osteoblastic cells, (a) Tyrosine phosphatase hypothesis in osteoblastic cells, fluoride ion directly inhibits tyrosine phosphatase. Inhibition of this enzyme enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules induced by receptor tyrosine kinase, which leads to activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) through the Ras pathway and enhanced cell proliferation, (b) G-protein hypothesis in osteoblast-like cells, fluoride ions form a complex with aluminum, probably fluoroaluminate, which interacts with guanosine 5 -diphosphate (GDP) to form guanosine 5 -triphosphate (GTP)-like molecule. Activation of the G, protein stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules by a yet unknown tyrosine kinase (Tyr Kin) and activation of the ERK kinase through the Ras pathway leads to enhanced cell proliferation. (Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Ref. [175] ...

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