Extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK

Mitogen-activated protein kinase since cloning, referred to as ERK, extracellular-signal-regulated kinase (ERK). 

Fig. 11. Modes of action of fluorine on osteoblastic cells, (a) Tyrosine phosphatase hypothesis in osteoblastic cells, fluoride ion directly inhibits tyrosine phosphatase. Inhibition of this enzyme enhances the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules induced by receptor tyrosine kinase, which leads to activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) through the Ras pathway and enhanced cell proliferation, (b) G-protein hypothesis in osteoblast-like cells, fluoride ions form a complex with aluminum, probably fluoroaluminate, which interacts with guanosine 5 -diphosphate (GDP) to form guanosine 5 -triphosphate (GTP)-like molecule. Activation of the G, protein stimulates the tyrosine phosphorylation of signalling molecules by a yet unknown tyrosine kinase (Tyr Kin) and activation of the ERK kinase through the Ras pathway leads to enhanced cell proliferation. (Reproduced by permission of Elsevier from Ref. [175] ...

Komatsu, T., Sakurada, C., Sasaki, M., Sanai, K., Tsuzuki, M., Bagetta, G., Sakurada, S., and Sakurada, T. (2007a). Extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and nitric oxide synthase mediate intrathecal morphine-induced nociceptive behavior. Neuropharmacology 52, 1237—1243. 

Ma, W., and Quirion, R. (2002). Partial sciatic nerve ligation induces increase in the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) in astrocytes in the lumbar spinal dorsal horn and the gracile nucleus. Pain 99, 175-184. 

Fig. 1. Major signaling linkages of the subfamilies of G protein-coupled 5-HT receptors are shown. Stimulation is indicated by an arrow overlayed with a + sign. Inhibition is indicated by an arrow overlayed with a sign. Abbreviations AC, adeny-lyl cyclase MEK, mitogen and extracellular signal regulated kinase ERK, extracellular signal regulated kinase PKC, protein kinase C DAG, diacylglycerol IP3, inositol trisphosphate.

Leone AM, Errico M, Lin SL, Cowen DS. Activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt by human serotonin 5-HT1B receptors in transfected BE(2)-C neuroblastoma cells is inhibited by RGS4. J Neurochem 2000 75 934-938. 

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