Extracellular signal-related kinase

Cobb, M. H., Boulton, T. G., and Robbins, D. J. (1991). Extracellular signal-related kinases ERKs in progress. Cell Regul. 2 965-978. 

Tsukumo, S., et. al., Skewed differentiation of thymocytes toward CD8 T cells by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin requires activation of the extracellular signal-related kinase pathway, Arch. Toxicol., 76, 335, 2002. 

Figure 21.9 The mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade (MAP kinase cascade). The active protein Ras activates Raf by promoting its recruitment to a cell membrane. Through a series of phosphorylations MAP kinase is activated as follows MAP kinase kinase kinase (Raf) phosphorylates MAP kinase kinase which, in turn, phosphorylates MAP kinase, the final target enzyme. MAP kinase phosphorylates transcription factors for genes that express proteins involved in proliferation. Another nomenclature for the enzymes is also used raf is MEKK MAPKK is MEK and finally ERK is MAP kinase (ERK is the abbreviation for extracellular-signal-related kinase) For comparison, the reader is referred to the metabolic phosphorylase cascade, which is discussed in Chapter 12 (Figure 12.12).

Errico M, Crozier RA, Plummer MR, Cowen DS. 5-HT7 receptors activate the mitogen activated protein kinase extracellular signal related kinase in cultured rat hippocampal neurons. Neuroscience 2001 102 361-367. 

Werry T, Gregory K, Sexton P, Christopoulos A. Characterization of serotonin 5-HT2C signaling to extracellular signal related kinases 1 and 2. J Neurochem 2005 93 1603-1615. 

Aplin, M., Christensen, G.L., Schneider, M., Heydorn, A., Gammeltoft, S., Kjolbye, A.L., Sheikh, S.P., and Hansen, J.L. 2007a. The angiotensin type 1 receptor activates extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 by G protein-dependent and -independent pathways in cardiac myocytes and Langendorff-perfused hearts. Basic Res. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 100 289-295. 

Schliess, F., Schreiber, R., Haussinger, D. (1995). Activation of extracellular signal related kinases Erk-1 and Erk-2 by cell swelling in H4IIE hepatoma cells. Biochem. J. 309,13-17. 

There are three types of MAPKs extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (INK) and p38. Sustained elevations in intracellular Ca " " levels stimulate p38 activation, which inactivates B-eell leukemia... 

V.C. Manganiello, and A.S. Gruen-berg. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha stimulates lipolysis in differentiated human adipocytes through activation of extracellular signal-related kinase and elevation of intracellular cAMP, Diabetes, 2002, 57, 2029-2035. 

TrkB and TrkC, and mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-related kinase (MAPK/ERK)... 

Mirich JM, lUig KR, Brunjes PC. 2004. Experience-dependent activation of extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK) in the olfactory bulb. J Comp Neurol 479 234-241. 

Klein JB, Rane MJ, Scherzer JA, Coxon PY, Kettritz R, Mathiesen JM, Buridi A, McLeish KR Granulocyte-macrophage colony stimulating factor delays neutrophil constitutive apoptosis through phosphoinositide 3-kinase and extracellular signal-related kinase pathways. J Immimol 2000 164 4286-4291. 

N. M. Stamatos, S. Curreli, D. Zella, and A. S. Cross, Desialylation of glyco-conjugates on the surface of monocytes activates the extracellular signal-related kinases ERK 1/2 and results in enhanced production of specific cytokines,... 

Li Z, Yamauchi Y, Kamakura M, Murayama T, Goshima F, Kimura H, Nishiyama Y. Herpes simplex virus requires poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity for efficient replication and induces extracellular signal-related kinase-dependent phosphorylation and ICPO-dependent nuclear localization of tankyrase. J Virol. 2012 86 492-503. 

Fig. 13.2. TNFa receptor-signaling activates of all three members of the mitogen activated protein kinase (MARK) family, including the p44/p42 (also termed extracellular signal-related kinases, ERK-1/2), the c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinases (JNK also termed stress-activated protein kinases, SAPK), and p38 MARK (also termed stress/cytokine-activated kinases). U0126 blocks MARK kinase (MEK) phosphorylation of ERKl/2.

Krajcik, et have delivered siRNA targeting the extracellular signal-related kinases 1 and 2 (ERK 1 and ERK 2) into car-diomyocites (heart cells) using functionalized carbon nanotubes as a therapy for heart failure. The authors functionalized SWCNTs through non-covalent layered association (Category I.C). 

Cook SJ, Beltman J, Cadwallader KA, McMahon M, McCormick F. Regulation of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1 expression by extracellular signal-related kinase-dependent and Ca -dependent signal pathways in Rat-1 cells. J Biol... 

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