Extracellular signal-regulated kinase MAPK protein expression

Fig. 39.2 Suggested effects leading to neuroprotective activity of hupA in AD. HupA is considered to modulate the APP processing by inducing the activity of a-secretase. The increased activity of a-secretase causes enhancement of nutritional APP (sAPPa) and consequently inhibition the A[i pathway. These APP-modulating effects are mediated through Ml muscarinic receptor-mediated PKC-dependent cascade and Trk receptor-mediated ERK/MAPK-dependent cascade and caused by increased levels of ACh and NGF in the synaptic junction. Increased release of sAPPa and decreased A(3 release from APP followed by inhibition of A[i fibril formations affects the regulation of the expression of apoptotic proteins, attenuates oxidative stress, and allows the mitochondria, respiratory chain, and TCA cycle to function normally. APP amyloid precursor protein, PKC protein kinase C. ERK extracellular signal-regulating kinase, MAPK mitogen-activated protein kinase, TCA tricarboxylic acid cycle (citric acid cycle)...

Fig. 3. Possible intracellular signaling cascade involved in regulation of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 expression. Abbreviations AP-1, activator protein 1 ERK, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase IkB, inhibitory Bk JNK, c-Jun NHj-terminal kinase MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase MKK, mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase NFkB, nuclear factor-KB NIK, NF-KB-inducing kinase PKC, protein kinase C TPA, 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate ROS, reactive oxygen species UV, ultraviolet light.

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