Explosion chemical

There is still a substantial safety margin up to the ultimate tensile strength, which amounts to 60 to 90 percent, depending on the steel (Kirby, Siwek, Treventing Failures of Equipment Subject to Explosions, Chemical Engineering, Jtine 23, 1986). 

CET89, Chemical equilibrium thermodynamics code for evaluating shock parameters in explosive, chemically-reactive systems, NASA 1989. 

Explosive Chemical causing a sudden, almost instantaneous release of... 

Table 7.12 General considerations for work with explosive chemicals...

It is important to understand how the over-pressure can develop (source) and what might be the eventual results. The mere sohdng of a formula to obtain an orifice area is secondary to an analysis and understanding of the pressure system. Excess pressure can develop from explosion, chemical reaction, reciprocating pumps or compressors, external fire around equipment, and an endless list of related and unrelated situations. In addition to the... 

An example of the way in which process competition works in the manufacture of plastics is the story of acrylonitrile. The first process for the production of this plastic was based upon the reaction between hydrogen cyanide and acetylene, both hard to handle, poisonous, and explosive chemicals. The raw material costs were relatively low as compared to materials for other monomers, but the plant investment and manufacturing costs were too high. As a result, originally acrylonitrile monomer (1950s) sold for about 30 cents per pound and the future of the material looked dim as other plastics such as polyethylene became available at much lower prices due to their lower production costs. 

Explosive chemicals tend to be governed by separate legislation, e.g., in the UK, The Classification and Labelling of Explosives Regulations 1983. These require the HSE to classify any explosive before it may be supplied. Under the scheme, explosives are labelled according to a classification based on hazard division (Table 12.7), and on compatibility (Table 12.8), which takes into account their sensitivity, explosivity and chemical nature. Labels are diamond shaped the top half is reserved for the pictograph and division number, the bottom half shows the hazard code and the classification number. Figure 12.1 shows the label for Class 1, Division 1.1, 1.2 or 1.3 explosive. 

Explosive chemicals. See also Explosion Explosives characteristic chemical groupings, 236, 237, 238 disposal methods, 246 effects, 241... 

Explosives, See also Explosive chemicals Transportation carriage, 447, 460, 594 compatibility groups, 456 hazard classification, 447, 455 Exposure limits. See Hygiene standards Eye protection, 435... 

The functional steps In the destruction of explosive chemical munitions Include ... 

Analysis of Propellants and Explosives Chemical and Physical Methods... 

One has to consider that all connected devices must also withstand the maximum explosion overpressure. The NFPA 69 Standard, Explosion Prevention System, 1997 European Standard prEN 14460, Explosion Resistant Equipment, 2005 and Kirby and Siwek, Preventing Failures of Equipment Subject to Explosions, Chemical Engineering, June 23, 1986, provide excellent guidance on the practice of containment. 

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