European salmon

Of economic importance is the European salmon (Salmo salar), a migratory fish, 1-1.5 metres long and up to 36 kilograms in weight, which has been farmed, for example in Norway and Scotland, since the 1980s in coastal aquacultures. 

Its bioavailability lo fish is favorable in comparison with other antibacterials such as oxytetracycline, which was used extensively in European aquaculture during the 1980s. The bioavailability of flumequine to Atlantic salmon was determined to be 40-45%, while that of oxytetracycline was only 1-5% when both compounds were administered orally to fish (158-161). 

Kreps (1981) and his associates (Akulin et al., 1969 Chebotareva, 1983), in their studies on Far East sockeye salmon, found that the fatty acid composition of lipids in the food influences not only that of the triacyl-glycerols of the fish but also the phospholipid fraction. This comprises, firstly, the phosphatidyl choline, phosphatidyl ethanolamine and phosphatidyl serine and, secondly, the sphingomyelin and cardiolipin. All tissues except nervous tissue were found by these workers to be strongly influenced by the composition of the food. However, the fatty acids of the brain have also been found to change according to the diet in European bass (Pagliarani et al., 1986), the proportions of phospholipid to non-phospholipid being unaffected. 

Salmon, Shawn. 2006. Marketing Socialism Inturist in the Late 1950s and Early 1960s. In Turizm The Russian and East European Tourist under Capitalism and Socialism, edited by Anne E. Gorsuch and Diane P. Koenker, 186-204. Ithaca, NY Cornell University Press. 

Retail product No. 1 of Table 5 is likely to be simply salmon waste oil, the fish name conferring an elite status. Our research (Ackman, unpublished) suggests that many salmon oil encapsulated oils are unrelated to any salmon oil in fatty acid composition. In 1989, our analysis showed many products of this type to be exaggerated as to omega-3 fatty acid content (85), and a more recent European survey in 1998 gave comparable results and reported on quality (86). 

The SCCP concentration in fish was 16 pg kg which is more than one order lower than the European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) estimated concentration in fish of 221 pg kg The reason for this difference might be that while the subject fish in the model were freshwater species, fish purchased according to the market basket method were primarily marine species, i.e., salmon, tuna, sea bream, and flounder, and SCCP concentrations in fish living in marine water would be lower than those in river water. Consequently, it is considered that... 

The EC Guideline of the European Council sets a limiting value of 0.04 mg of copper for waters inhabited by salmon and trout (Ruf 1981). 

Selenium concentrations in air are of the order of a few ngm , the levels depending primarily on coal-burning power plants, copper-refining plants or selenium rectifier plants in the vicinity (Salmon etal. 1978, Hogberg and Alexander 1986). In 1979, approximately 420 tons of selenium were released into the atmosphere of Europe. Of these, 373 tons originated from coal and oil combustion refuse incinerators contributed another 32 tons, and 13 tons were emitted from zinc-cadmium smelters. The emissions of selenium from all sources in 28 European countries in 1979 are listed in Table 7.3 (Pacyna etal. 1984) since then, no new compilation of emission data has become available. 

Digestion of the products with different endonucleases, followed by agarose gel electrophoresis of the digested products, yielded specific restriction patterns that enabled direct visual identification of the species analyzed. This PCR-RFLP methodology allowed not only clear discrimination of different salmon species in raw and smoked products but also of different fish species that may be present in food products. Russell et al. (2000) demonstrated that this method can be used to differentiate between salmon species. The reliability and practicality of the method was also tested by a collaborative study carried out in five European laboratories (Hold et al., 2004). 

Fig. 24.1 Some fish species used in pheromone research European eel (Anguilla anguilla), goldfish (Carassius auratus), fathead minnow (Pimephales promelas), coho salmon (Oncor-hynchus kisutch), and sea lamprey (Petromyzon marinus)...

NIR studies have been published on different species, such as rainbow trout, Atlantic farmed salmon, halibut, mackerel, herring, and whiting, in addition to salmon roe. In the following we focus on applications related to European and American... 

Salmon Salmo salar) and sea trout Salmo trutta) are migratory. Salted or frozen flsh are supplied to the European market by Norway and by imports from Alaska and the Paciflc Coast of Canada. Also included in this group are river trout Salmo trutta f fario) and lake trout Salmo gairdnerii), which is commonly called steelhead trout in North America when it journeys between the sea and inland lakes. 

Supply chain security can be extended to the monitoring of ethical practices of supply chain members. The leading European product testing organization Stiftung Warentest started its first ethical product test on ethically correct salmon production in 2005 (Stiftung Warentest 2005). Also, independently certified and accredited controls and reports about these performances can be added to the... 

Carter, C.G., R.S. Katersky, J. Barnes, K. Irwin and R.C. Hauler, 2005. Interactions between temperature and nutrition in Atlantic salmon Salmo salar and barramundi Lates calcarifer. In Howell, B. and R. Flos (eds.). Lessons from the past to optimise the future. European Aquaculture Society Special Publication 35 156-157. 

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