European Framework Directive

Crane M (2003) Proposed development of sediment quality guidelines under the European water framework directive a critique. Toxicol Lett 142(3) 195-206... 

The European Union (EU) environmental policy has put water protection and its sustainable management high on its agenda, reflected by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), which is now in its implementation phase. 

European Directives can be divided into three categories Framework Directive, Specific Directives, and Individual Directives. The Framework Directive 89/109/EEC applies to all materials and articles in contact with foodstulfs, such as packaging materials, forks, cups, processing machines (in... 

This traditional system is still the disposal method most widely used in the EU. In landfills, biodegradable waste decomposes to produce landfill gas and leachate. The landfill gas consists mainly of methane and, if not captured, contributes considerably to the greenhouse effect. For this reason, the move away from landfill is an important part of the European Waste Framework Directive. 

Maas J.L., Schipper C.A., Knoben R.A.E., van den Heuvel-Greve M.J., den Besten P.J. and de Maagd G-J. (2008). Diagnostic water quality instruments for use in European Water Framework Directive. Published in The Water Framework Directive Ecological and Chemical Status Monitoring. Editors Quevauviller, Borchers, Thompson, Simonart. ISBN 978-0-470-51836-6, Wiley. 

DIN EC EIA EN EUWFD FEEMA Wastewater and Sludge German Organization for Standardization Effective Concentration Environmental Impact Assessment European Organization for Standardization European Water Framework Directive Environmental Agency of the Federal State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil... 

Coquery, M., A. Morin, A. Becue, and B. Lepot. 2005. Priority substances of the European Water Framework Directive Analytical challenges in monitoring water quality. Trends Anal. Chem. 24 117-127. 

Allan, I.J., B. Vrana, R. Greenwood, G.A. Mills, J. Knutsson, A. Holmberg, N. Guigues, A.M. Fouillac, and S. Laschi. 2006. Strategic monitoring for the European Water Framework Directive. Trends Anal. Chem. 25 704-715. 

The recent approval and implementation of the European Water Framework Directive further emphasizes the role of biota as a tool for assessing aquatic environmental quality, in that it strives not only for the improvement of the chemical quality status of water bodies but also for the rehabilitation of their ecological status. In the light of these recommendations, it becomes essential to use biota to assess not only the chemical status of water bodies through contaminant load analysis, but also their ecological status, in what must be an integrated, multidisciplinary approach. 

Lepom P., B. Brown, G. Hanke, et al. 2009. Needs for reliable analytical methods for monitoring chemical pollutants in surface water under the European Water Framework Directive. J. Chromatogr. A. 1216 302-315. 

Chemical standards are widely used to protect the environment and human health from substances released by human activity. Generally, standards relate to doses or concentrations in the environment for specific chemicals, below which unacceptable effects are not expected to occur. Many standards are legally enforceable numerical limits, such as Environmental Quality Standards for List 1 chemicals in water or Annex X and VIII standards under the European Water Framework Directive. Others are not mandatory but are contained in guidelines, codes of practice, or sets of criteria for deciding individual cases. Some standards are not set by governments but carry authority for other reasons, especially the scientific eminence or market power of those who set them (e.g., World Health Organization guidelines). 

Technical Guidance Document and Water Framework Directive approaches EU member state, North American, and other international approaches) and the way in which they are implemented (e.g., mandatory pass or fail probabilistic, e.g., 95th percentiles or tiered risk assessment frameworks). Soil and water standards were considered, as were values for the protection of human health and the natural environment. The focus was on European regulatory frameworks, although expert input was sought from other jurisdictions internationally. Chemical standards for aquatic (water and sediment) and terrestrial (soil and groundwater) systems were the main focus for the meeting. This workshop built on, and included some participants from, a 1998 SETAC workshop Re-evaluation of the State of the Science for Water-Quality Criteria Development (Reiley et al. 2003). 

Crane M, Kwok KWH, Wells C, Whitehouse P. 2007. Use of field data to support European Water Framework Directive quality standards for dissolved metals. Environ Sci Technol. 41 5014—5021. 

European Directives of particular importance to the water environment move to the achievement of defined environmental outcomes in the form of ecological status (Water Framework Directive 2000/60/EC) and habitat protection (Habitats Directive 92/43/EEC). 

Krause-Jensen, D., Greve, T. M., Nielsen, K. 2005. Eelgrass as a bioindicator under the European Water Framework Directive. Water Resources Management, 19, 63-75. 

Perns, J., Back, S., Lax, H.-G., Westberg, V, Kauppila, P, Bonsdorff, E., 2004. Coastal marine zoobenthos as an ecological quality element a test of environmental typology and European Water Framework Directive. Coastline Reports, 4, 27-38. 

Coops, H., Kerkum, F.C.M., van den Berg, M.S. and van Splunder, I. (2007) Submerged macrophyte vegetation and the European Water Framework Directive assessment of status and trends in shallow, alkaline lakes in the Netherlands, Hydrobiologia, 584, pp. 395-402. 

Meilinger, P., Schneider S. and Melzer, A. (2005) The Reference Index Method for the macrophyte-based assessment of rivers - a contribution to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive in Germany, International Revue of Hydrobiology, 90, pp. 322-342. 

Moss, B., Stephen, D., Alvarez. C.. Becaies. E., Van de Bund, W., Collings, S.E. et al. (2003) The determination of ecological quahty in shallow lakes - a tested system (ECOFRAME) for implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, Aquatic Consen ation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 13, pp. 507-549. 

Diagnostic Water Quality Instruments for Use in the European Water Framework Directive... 

Van Splunder, I., Pelsma, T.A.H.M. and Bak. A. (eds) (2006) Guidelines for monitoring surface water for the European Water Framework Directive, version 1.3, Lelystad, The Netherlands (in Dutch). 

Griffiths, M. (2002) The European Water Framework Directive an approach to integrated river basin management, European Water Association, available at http //www.ewaonhne.de/journal/ 2002.05.pdf. 

Heinz, I. (2006) The economic value of water. Presentation from the International Workshop on Hydro-economic Modelhng and Tools for the Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, Valencia, Spain, 30-31 January 2006. 

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) so far does not consider sediment quality and quantity as a major issue (Forstner and Owens, 2007). Objections against compliance monitoring for sediment, based on Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for sediment, were caused by analytical limitations and anticipated costs involved in... 

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