European Water Framework Directive

Crane M (2003) Proposed development of sediment quality guidelines under the European water framework directive a critique. Toxicol Lett 142(3) 195-206... 

The European Union (EU) environmental policy has put water protection and its sustainable management high on its agenda, reflected by the European Water Framework Directive (WFD), which is now in its implementation phase. 

Maas J.L., Schipper C.A., Knoben R.A.E., van den Heuvel-Greve M.J., den Besten P.J. and de Maagd G-J. (2008). Diagnostic water quality instruments for use in European Water Framework Directive. Published in The Water Framework Directive Ecological and Chemical Status Monitoring. Editors Quevauviller, Borchers, Thompson, Simonart. ISBN 978-0-470-51836-6, Wiley. 

DIN EC EIA EN EUWFD FEEMA Wastewater and Sludge German Organization for Standardization Effective Concentration Environmental Impact Assessment European Organization for Standardization European Water Framework Directive Environmental Agency of the Federal State of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil... 

Coquery, M., A. Morin, A. Becue, and B. Lepot. 2005. Priority substances of the European Water Framework Directive Analytical challenges in monitoring water quality. Trends Anal. Chem. 24 117-127. 

Allan, I.J., B. Vrana, R. Greenwood, G.A. Mills, J. Knutsson, A. Holmberg, N. Guigues, A.M. Fouillac, and S. Laschi. 2006. Strategic monitoring for the European Water Framework Directive. Trends Anal. Chem. 25 704-715. 

The recent approval and implementation of the European Water Framework Directive further emphasizes the role of biota as a tool for assessing aquatic environmental quality, in that it strives not only for the improvement of the chemical quality status of water bodies but also for the rehabilitation of their ecological status. In the light of these recommendations, it becomes essential to use biota to assess not only the chemical status of water bodies through contaminant load analysis, but also their ecological status, in what must be an integrated, multidisciplinary approach. 

Lepom P., B. Brown, G. Hanke, et al. 2009. Needs for reliable analytical methods for monitoring chemical pollutants in surface water under the European Water Framework Directive. J. Chromatogr. A. 1216 302-315. 

Chemical standards are widely used to protect the environment and human health from substances released by human activity. Generally, standards relate to doses or concentrations in the environment for specific chemicals, below which unacceptable effects are not expected to occur. Many standards are legally enforceable numerical limits, such as Environmental Quality Standards for List 1 chemicals in water or Annex X and VIII standards under the European Water Framework Directive. Others are not mandatory but are contained in guidelines, codes of practice, or sets of criteria for deciding individual cases. Some standards are not set by governments but carry authority for other reasons, especially the scientific eminence or market power of those who set them (e.g., World Health Organization guidelines). 

Crane M, Kwok KWH, Wells C, Whitehouse P. 2007. Use of field data to support European Water Framework Directive quality standards for dissolved metals. Environ Sci Technol. 41 5014—5021. 

Krause-Jensen, D., Greve, T. M., Nielsen, K. 2005. Eelgrass as a bioindicator under the European Water Framework Directive. Water Resources Management, 19, 63-75. 

Perns, J., Back, S., Lax, H.-G., Westberg, V, Kauppila, P, Bonsdorff, E., 2004. Coastal marine zoobenthos as an ecological quality element a test of environmental typology and European Water Framework Directive. Coastline Reports, 4, 27-38. 

Coops, H., Kerkum, F.C.M., van den Berg, M.S. and van Splunder, I. (2007) Submerged macrophyte vegetation and the European Water Framework Directive assessment of status and trends in shallow, alkaline lakes in the Netherlands, Hydrobiologia, 584, pp. 395-402. 

Meilinger, P., Schneider S. and Melzer, A. (2005) The Reference Index Method for the macrophyte-based assessment of rivers - a contribution to the implementation of the European Water Framework Directive in Germany, International Revue of Hydrobiology, 90, pp. 322-342. 

Moss, B., Stephen, D., Alvarez. C.. Becaies. E., Van de Bund, W., Collings, S.E. et al. (2003) The determination of ecological quahty in shallow lakes - a tested system (ECOFRAME) for implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, Aquatic Consen ation Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems. 13, pp. 507-549. 

Diagnostic Water Quality Instruments for Use in the European Water Framework Directive... 

Van Splunder, I., Pelsma, T.A.H.M. and Bak. A. (eds) (2006) Guidelines for monitoring surface water for the European Water Framework Directive, version 1.3, Lelystad, The Netherlands (in Dutch). 

Griffiths, M. (2002) The European Water Framework Directive an approach to integrated river basin management, European Water Association, available at http //www.ewaonhne.de/journal/ 2002.05.pdf. 

Heinz, I. (2006) The economic value of water. Presentation from the International Workshop on Hydro-economic Modelhng and Tools for the Implementation of the European Water Framework Directive, Valencia, Spain, 30-31 January 2006. 

The European Water Framework Directive (WFD) so far does not consider sediment quality and quantity as a major issue (Forstner and Owens, 2007). Objections against compliance monitoring for sediment, based on Environmental Quality Standards (EQS) for sediment, were caused by analytical limitations and anticipated costs involved in... 

Forstner, U. (2008) Differences in policy response to similar scientific findings - examples from sediment contamination issues in River Basin Management Plans. New perspectives with sediment issues (monitoring and measures) under the European Water Framework Directive. J. Soils and Sediments, 8, pp. 214-216. 

Coquery M, Morin A, Becue A, Lepot B (2005) Priority substances of the European water framework directive analytical challenges in monitoring of water quality. Trends Anal Chem 24 117-125... 

The European Water Framework Directive (EU-WFD) wants to establish a framework for the protection of inland surface waters, transitional water and groundwater and aims at achieving good ecological potential... 

The described method demonstrates the ability of GC-MS/MS analysis to comply and even exceed the requirements of the European Water Framework Directive for the detection and quantitation of organotin compounds. The usedt-SRM functionality gives the instrument the ability to automatically determine optimum SRM dwell times for high sensitivity detection, even allowing for partially overlapping SRM transitions. 

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