Surface water monitoring

A.G. Hackett, J.D. Puhrman, and C.T Stone, Acetochlor surface-water monitoring program results to date, Presented at the 218th ACS National Meeting, New Orleans, LA, August 22-26, 1999. 

Even before a method is developed for detecting the presence of a pesticide or pesticides in the environment, the level of sensitivity in the method that will be needed for fate and monitoring studies to adequately portray the behavior of the analytes in the environment must be assessed. For example, in surface water monitoring programs. 

Current reviews of surface water monitoring data in the peer reviewed literature are lacking. The highest concentrations observed in surface waters of the United States sampled before 1984 were 394 and 120 ppb. These concentrations were observed in rivers in highly industrialized cities (Ewing et al. 1977 Pellizzari et al. 1979). Typical concentrations for most sites that are not heavily industrialized appear to range from trace levels to 22 ppb (Ohio River Valley Sanitation Commission 1980, 1982). Data from EPA s STORET database indicate that chloroform was detected in 64% of 11,928 surface water sample data points at a median concentration of 0.30 ppb (Staples et al. 1985). 

According to the current knowledge, residues of pharmaceuticals and their metabolites are widespread in the aquatic systems. Surface water monitoring programmes in Europe and North America [3-8] have shown, as a result of improved analytical capabilities [9, 10], the presence of many different classes of pharmaceuticals, some of which are known to be environmentally persistent [10]. 

Since diazinon is not a priority pollutant and has not been considered to pose serious threats from bioconcentration or bioaccumulation in fish and shellfish species, it has attracted far less attention in the United States than persistent organochlorines like DDT or chlordane in routine surface water monitoring networks. Carey and Kutz (1985) reported that the maximum diazinon residue collected in a national surface water monitoring program conducted from 1976 to 1980 was 2.38 ppb and that diazinon was detected in only 1.2% of the samples collected. More recently, Pereira and Hostettler (1993) conducted a study of the Mississippi River and its tributaries during 1991 and 1992. These authors reported that... 

Monitoring programs (e.g., surface water monitoring of supplies furnishing public drinking water) must be carefully designed. 

Ciba-Geigy. (1992a). A review of historical surface water monitoring for atrazine in eleven states in the central United States (1975— 1991). Technical Report 11-92. Environmental and Public Affairs Department, Ciba-Geigy Corporation, Greensboro, NC. 

According to Annex V of the WFD, surface water monitoring should include the following indicative parameters of water quality elements1 ... 

Exercise 18.4 By what logic have the surface water monitoring stations been placed in the terrain shown in Fig. 18.1 ... 

Krill and Sonzogni 1986 Otson 1987). Grosjean and wright (1983) detected acrolein, in combination with acetone, at a concentration of 0.05 ppt in rainwater collected in Los Angeles, CA however, these compounds were not detected in rainwater samples collected in four less densely populated sites in California. The Contract Laboratory Statistical Database reports that acrolein has been detected in water at 3 of 357 hazardous waste sites in the United States at mean concentrations ranging from 10.3-51,000 ppb (VIAR 1987). However, this database made no distinction between groundwater and surface water monitoring data. In the only report of acrolein occurrence in municipal landfill leachate, acrolein was detected at a concentration of 170 ppb in 1 of 5 leachate samples collected from sites in Wisconsin (Sabel and Clark 1984). 

At various facilities that process uranium for defense programs, uranium is released to the atmosphere under controlled conditions, resulting in deposition on the soil and surface waters. Monitoring data from the area surrounding the Fernald Environmental Management Project (formerly the Fernald Feed Materials Production Center) showed that soil contained uranium released from the facility (Stevenson and Hardy 1993). 

Skjelkvale B. L. and Ulstein M. (2002) Proceedings from the workshop on heavy metals (Pb, Cd, and Hg) in surface waters monitoring and biological impact. Norwegian Inst. Water Research Report, pp. 21-22. 

European Commission, 2009. Surface Water Monitoring, CIS Guidance Document No. 19, European Commission, Brussels. 

Picotte, A. and Boudette, L., 2005. Vermont Volunteer Surface Water Monitoring Guide, Vermont Department of Environmental Conservation. 

Redefinition of the surface water monitoring networks in compliance with the Water Framework Directive, taking into account the results of the comparison mentioned in the previous point. 

Efficient integration of (chemical and ecological) surface water monitoring sites, as well as groundwater quantity monitoring sites. 

European Commission (2007) Guidance document on surface water monitoring, in press. 

Carbopack B has been used for the enrichment of aromatic sulfonates by Di Corcia et al. and Altenbach et al., and of aliphatic sulfonates and sulfates from aqueous samples by Benomar et al. The fact that humic substances are almost completely absent in the final extracts is very promising with respect to surface water monitoring (Figure 10.3). 

In order to establish trends in contamination levels in major river systems—and ideally to document progress in cleaning up streams as a result of wastewater treatment plants funded though the FWPCA—the US Public Health Service established a Water Quality Network. The initial network provided water quality data at 50 surface water monitoring stations around the country. It s no exaggeration to say that the establishment of this network... 

Walters, J. Kim, D. Goh, K. Preliminary results of pesticide analysis of monthly surface water monitoring for the red and inq)orted fire ant project in Orange Coimty, Department of Pesticide Regulations, Sacramento, CA 92815 httD //www.cdpr.ca.gov/docs/rifa/reports.htm. USEPA, Newport Bay Toxics TMDLs, Part C, Organophosphate (OP) Pesticides httP.V/wvv w.forester.net/sw.html. 

Hormones are the main active ingredients in contraceptive pills. In particular, removal of EE2 (17-alpha-ethynylestradiol) from waste water is often nowhere near complete, as has been demonstrated by the findings of Lamoree et al. There is evidence that environmentally relevant concentrations of estrogens in surface waters can affect wild fish populations. Recently, an aquatic predicted no-effect concentration (PNEC) of 0.35 ng for EE2 in order to adequately protect organisms in surface waters was recommended by Caldwell et al. EE2, 17-beta-estradiol (a naturally occurring hormone) and the pain killer diclofenac were included in the watch list of the EU water framework directive in 2013 in order to be included in routine surface water monitoring. ... 

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