Ethyl alcohol manufacture

Uses Denaturant for ethyl alcohol manufacturing flavors, perfumes (artificial musk), flotation agents solvent paint removers octane booster for unleaded gasoline dehydrating agent chemical intermediate. 

Glyoxylic acid ethyl ester ethyl alcoholate Manufacturing Process... 

The current fuel shortage has sparked much interest in gas-ohol, a mixture of 10% anhydrous ethyl alcohol and 90% gasoline with the ethyl alcohol manufactured from corn, wheat, sorghum, and other agricultural products). 

Since 1960, the Hquid-phase oxidation of ethylene has been the process of choice for the manufacture of acetaldehyde. There is, however, stiU some commercial production by the partial oxidation of ethyl alcohol and hydration of acetylene. The economics of the various processes are strongly dependent on the prices of the feedstocks. Acetaldehyde is also formed as a coproduct in the high temperature oxidation of butane. A more recently developed rhodium catalyzed process produces acetaldehyde from synthesis gas as a coproduct with ethyl alcohol and acetic acid (83—94). 

Fig. 5. Flow diagram for oxo alcohol manufactured by the two-stage process. Courtesy of the Ethyl Corporation.

Fig. 6. Flow scheme for manufacture of ethyl alcohol from corn.

Manufacture. PVBs are manufactured by a variety of two-stage heterogeneous processes. In one of these an alcohol solution of poly(vinyl acetate) and an acid catalyst are heated to 60—80°C with strong agitation. As the poly(vinyl alcohol) forms, it precipitates from solution (77). Ethyl acetate, the principle by-product, is stripped off and sold. The precipitated poly(vinyl alcohol) is washed to remove by-products and excess acid. The poly(vinyl alcohol) is then suspended in a mixture of ethyl alcohol, butyraldehyde, and mineral acid at temperatures above 70°C. As the reaction approaches completion the reactants go into solution. When the reaction is complete, the catalyst is neutralized and the PVB is precipitated from solution with water, washed, centrifuged, and dried. Resin from this process has very low residual vinyl acetate and very low levels of gel from intermolecular acetalization. 

Chloroform can be manufactured from a number of starting materials. Methane, methyl chloride, or methylene chloride can be further chlorinated to chloroform, or carbon tetrachloride can be reduced, ie, hydrodechlorinated, to chloroform. Methane can be oxychlorinated with HCl and oxygen to form a mixture of chlorinated methanes. Many compounds containing either the acetyl (CH CO) or CH2CH(OH) group yield chloroform on reaction with chlorine and alkali or hypochlorite. Methyl chloride chlorination is now the most common commercial method of producing chloroform. Many years ago chloroform was almost exclusively produced from acetone or ethyl alcohol by reaction with chlorine and alkali. 

There are three general methods of interest for the preparation of vinyl chloride, one for laboratory synthesis and the other two for commercial production. Vinyl chloride (a gas boiling at -14°C) is most conveniently prepared in the laboratory by the addition of ethylene dichloride (1,2-dichloroethane) in drops on to a warm 10% solution of sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide in a 1 1 ethyl alcohol-water mixture Figure 12.1). At one time this method was of commercial interest. It does, however, suffer from the disadvantage that half the chlorine of the ethylene dichloride is consumed in the manufacture of common salt. 

The most widely known aleohol is ethyl aleohol, simply beeause it is the aleohol in aleoholie drinks. It is also known as grain aleohol, or by its proper name, ethanol. Ethyl aleohol is a eolorless, volatile liquid with a eharaeteristie odor and a pungent taste. It has a flash point of 55°F, is classified as a depressant drug, and is toxic when ingested in large quantities. Its molecular formula is CjHjOH. In addition to its presence in alcoholic beverages, ethyl alcohol has many industrial and medical uses, such as a solvent in many manufacturing processes, as antifreeze, antiseptics, and cosmetics. 

Bodies of an alcholic nature play a very important part in both natural and synthetic perfumery. They are found to a very large extent in essential oils, both in the free state and also in the form of esters. Some that have not so far been recognised as constituents of essential oils, have been found to be so highly odorous, and so useful as perfume materials, that they are prepared artificially, and enter largely into the composition of the synthetic perfumes which to-day are indispensable to the manufacturer of perfumes. It is obvious that those alcohols which are soluble in water, such as methyl and ethyl alcohols, although they may be original constituents of some essential oils, are removed by the ordinary distillation processes, so that they do not, in fact, appear in the essential oil as found in commerce. 

A major part in the language of chemistry is in learning the names of the chemicals (nomenclature). Many chemicals, particularly the more common ones, are known by several different names. For example, the chemical CH3CH2OH has the systematic name ethanol. The publication Chemical Abstracts (American Chemical Society) also uses the name ethanol. The historical or common name is ethyl alcohol or grain alcohol. A nickname for it is just alcohol, and there are various tradenames, depending on the manufacturer. For example, the Fastman Company sells it under the name of Tecsol . Fven trained chemists have trouble with nomenclature, which makes the use of and need for written chemical formulae common among chemists. 

Uses. Nearly half the ethyl alcohol produced in petrochemical plants (not the stuff fermented for human consumption) is used as a chemical intermediate in the manufacture of ethyl acrylate, ethyl amines, ethyl acetate (when you pop the cap on nail polish remover, you smell ethyl acetate), ethylene chloride, glycol ethers, acetaldehyde, and acetic acid. However, you will see in the chapters on acetaldehyde and acetic acid, there are now more competitive routes than those based on ethyl alcohol. 

Uses Manufacture of acetate rayon, acetic anhydride, acetone, acetyl compounds, cellulose acetates, chloroacetic acid, ethyl alcohol, ketene, methyl ethyl ketone, vinyl acetate, plastics and rubbers in tanning laundry sour acidulate and preservative in foods printing calico and dyeing silk solvent for gums, resins, volatile oils and other substances manufacture of nylon and fiber, vitamins, antibiotics and hormones production of insecticides, dyes, photographic chemicals, stain removers latex coagulant textile printing. 

Uses Plasticizer plastic manufacturing and processing denaturant for ethyl alcohol ingredient in insecticidal sprays and explosives (propellant) dye application agent wetting agent perfumery as fixative and solvent solvent for nitrocellulose and cellulose acetate camphor substitute. 

Uses Solvent for chlorinated rubber insecticide and bleach manufacturing paint, varnish and rust remover manufacturing degreasing, cleansing, and drying of metals denaturant for ethyl alcohol preparation of 1,1-dichloroethylene extractant and solvent for oils and fats insecticides weed killer fumigant intermediate in the manufacturing of other chlorinated hydrocarbons herbicide. 

One common azeotrope is ethyl alcohol 96% water 4%. This combination can be boiled to dryness at one constant temperature. I cannot go into all the azeotropes you may run into during drug manufacture. So, before you attempt any formula, you must go to a science library and research all of the chemicals, solvents, reagents, etc., that are used in that particular formula and learn what can and cannot be used with what. Look in Chemical Abstracts, the Merck Index, or one of the many other fine reference books available. 

There is also an apparent trend in manufacturing operations toward simplification by direct processing. Examples of this include the oxidation of ethylene for direct manufacture of ethylene oxide the direct hydration of ethylene to produce ethyl alcohol production of chlorinated derivatives by direct halogenation in place of round-about syntheses and the manufacture of acrolein by olefin oxidation. The evolution of alternate sources, varying process routes, and competing end products has given the United States aliphatic chemical industry much of its vitality and ability to adjust to varying market conditions. 

Production of Alcohols by Hydration ofAlkenes. Several alcohols (ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, sec-butyl alcohol, ferf-butyl alcohol) are manufactured commercially by the hydration of the corresponding olefins.2 45 46 Ethanol, an industrial solvent and a component of alcohol-gasoline blends, and isopropyl alcohol—a solvent and antiknock additive—are the most important compounds. Isopropyl alcohol is often considered the first modem synthetic petrochemical since it was produced on a large scale in the United States in the 1920s. 

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