Ethanol motor fuel

Many compounds can be produced organically from petroleum, or produced biochemically from biological raw materials. For example, ethanol is regularly produced by catalyzed gas-phase hydrogenation of ethylene, Example 12.4, and also produced biochemically from sugar (or starch). Example 16.1. The resulting ethanol is the same from either source (except in the eyes of the US laws that subsidize com-based ethanol motor fuels but not hydrocarbon-based ethanol.)... 

For these reasons, ethanol is most likely to find use as a motor fuel in the form of a gasoline additive, either as ethanol or ethanol-based ethers. In these blend uses, ethanol can capture the high market value of gasoline components that provide high octane and reduced vapor pressure. 

T. PoweU, "Racing Experiences with Methanol and Ethanol Based Motor-Fuel Blends," paper 750124, Automotive Engineering Congress and Exposition, Society of Automotive Engineers, Detroit, Mich., Feb. 1975. 

H. L. MuUer and S. P. Ho, "Economics and Energy Balance of Ethanol as Motor Fuel," paper presented at 1986 SpringAIChE Mational Meeting, New Orleans, La., Apr. 1986. 

A more abundantiy produced substance is ethanol for use in alcohoHc beverages, and as a fuel, solvent, and feedstock for organic syntheses. Ethanol (qv) production from sucrose is carried out in Europe (eg, France and the Netherlands), India, Pakistan, China, and on a very large scale in Brazil, where it is used as a motor fuel. A valuable by-product of ethanol fermentation is industrial CO2 (see Carbon dioxide). 

Compared with other alternative motor fuel options (reformulated gasoline, compressed or liquefied natural gas, ethanol from corn or coal, methanol and electricity), propane has the lowest greenhouse gas emissions except for natural gas. According to a 1998 study by the Institute of Transportation Studies, greenhouse emissions from propane vehicles arc 21.8 percent less than from gasoline or diesel. 

Isopropanol is a colorless liquid having a pleasant odor it is soluble in water. It is more soluble in hydrocarbon liquids than methanol or ethanol. For this reason, small amounts of isopropanol may be mixed with methanol-gasoline blends used as motor fuels to reduce phase-separation problems. ... 

The alcohols that can be used for motor fuels are methanol (CH3OH), ethanol (C2H5OH), propanol (C3H7OH), and butanol (C4H,OH). However only the first two of the alcohols are technically and economically suitable as fuels for internal combustion engines (ICEs). Main conunercial bioalcohols from renewable feedstocks are bioethanol and biomethanol in the world s energy market. 

Alcohols such as methanol, ethanol, propanol and butanol can be used as alternate motor fuels. Practically, any of the orgaitic molecules of the alcohol family can be used as a fuel. However, only methanol and ethanol fuels are techitically and economically suitable for internal combustion engines (ICEs). 

Bern, L.A., Brandberg, A., "Methanol Supplied to the Swedish Motor Fuel Market, "International Symposium and Alcohol Fuel Technology Methanol and Ethanol, Wolfsburg, Germany, Nov. 21-23, 1975, Vol. II. 

The above rough economics suggest a significant advantage for the enzymatic process, about 10% in capital costs and 6% in product "cost", or, since it includes an allowance for adequate return on investment, price. The price per gallon would make this ethanol competitive with industrial alcohol today, but it is too expensive to be considered for motor fuel at present gasoline prices. 

This would represent a very good price for industrial ethanol. It is still too high for gasoline, even taking into account expected gasoline prices as now projected for the next decade, unless unforseen shortages impose special advantages for this type of motor fuel. 

The world energy crisis of the 1970s, however, spurred interest once again in ethanol as a transportation fuel source. Brazil adopted the widespread production and use of Alcool, hydrated ethanol, and Gasolina a 78 22 ratio blend of gasoline ethanol as a motor fuel. Other countries developed policies to maintain a fuel grade ethanol industry by conversion of biomass. Also, clean air and reformulated fuel policies have helped to promote the use of ethanol as a viable alternative fuel. 

CsHl2N4 mw 128.21 N=45.7% OB to C02 —199.67% flat waxy cryst mp 140—70° d 1.21g/cc at 25/4°. Sol in dimethylformamide. Prepn is by reacting 2,3,7,8-tetraazaspiro-[4.4] nonane sulfate with ammonia gas at —40° followed by addn of abs ethanol. The mixt is then stirred for 3 hrs at RT and filtered. The solvents are then distld off at 30mm press and 40—50° leaving the 95% yield. Neilson claims in his patent applic that the compd is hypergolic with fuming nitric acid, hence useful as a rocket motor fuel... 

Ethyl Ester A fatty ester formed when organically derived oils are combined with ethanol in the presence of a catalyst. After water washing, vacuum drying and filtration, the resulting ethyl ester has characteristics similar to petroleum-based diesel motor fuels. 

The ethanol portion of motor fuels (such as E10 and E85) consumed by the transportation sector. 

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