Gasoline ethanol

The other large-scale ethanol user is the USA, where ethanol has been used to increase the octane rating of gasoline, to decrease carbon monoxide emissions, and, more recently, to replace MTBE (methyl tert-butyl ether) in reformulated gasoline. Ethanol production in the USA grew from about 0.6 billion liters in 1980 to... 

Owing to this problem of phase separation, gasoline/ethanol blends should be not exposed to water during distribution or use in a vehicle. For this reason, they cannot be transported in pipelines, which sometimes contain water. This water sensitivity also means that extra care should be taken when gasoline/ethanol blends are used as a fuel for boat engines. 

Gasoline Ethanol Methanol Fig. 4.1 Economics of gasoline alternative fuels... 

In gasoline-methanol mixtures containing 0.1% water i-propanol is added to the environment (medium) in order to decrease the phase separation temperature. Fuels containing different ratios of gasoline-methanol-i-propanol and water are also composed, which are proved to be stable in the climatic conditions. An increase in the aromatic character of the gasoline, a decrease in the water content of the mixtme, an increase in the amount of the additive used results in a decrease in the phase separation temperature of the mixture. In gasoline-ethanol mixtures the additive used is also i-propanol. In gasoline-alcohol mixtures various additives like i-propanol, n-butanol, i-butanol, and i-amylalcohol are used. 

The world energy crisis of the 1970s, however, spurred interest once again in ethanol as a transportation fuel source. Brazil adopted the widespread production and use of Alcool, hydrated ethanol, and Gasolina a 78 22 ratio blend of gasoline ethanol as a motor fuel. Other countries developed policies to maintain a fuel grade ethanol industry by conversion of biomass. Also, clean air and reformulated fuel policies have helped to promote the use of ethanol as a viable alternative fuel. 

Storing and Handling Ethanol and Gasoline-Ethanol Blends at Distribution Terminals and Service Stations, API Recommended Practice 1626, April 1985 American Petroleum Institute 1220 L Street, N.W. 

Nowadays a worldwide focus is on renewable fuels, and ethanol has been considered an interesting option to replace petroleum derivate gasoline. It has been reported that the United States, France, Switzerland, Australia, Canada, China, Russia, India, South Africa, and the European Community are considering gasoline ethanol blends as fuel options. Recently, Brazilian government funds have been awarded to laboratories in universities and research centers in different regions of the country, and a strict control of the physicochemical characteristics of the gasohol blend and hydrated fuel alcohol for combustion machines is necessary to prevent adulteration (1,2). 

Third, the risk of stranded investment is significant, since much of an initial compressed hydrogen station infrastructure could not be converted later if either a non-compression hydrogen storage method or a liquid fuel such as a gasoline-ethanol combination... 

As a transportation fuel, ethanol and its derivative, ethyl ferf-butyl ether (ETBE), have many advantages over gasoline. Ethanol has a lower vapor pressure than gasoline, thereby reducing the smog formation by lowering evapora-... 

Absolute alcohol is required for the production of gasohol. Figure E4-1 shows a three-phase diagram of gasoline-ethanol-water. Notice how just a small amount of water can make the gasoline divide into two phases. 

Characterize production pathways of various fuel-cell fuels, such as gaseous hydrogen, liquid hydrogen, methanol, gasoline, ethanol, and Fischer-Tropsch (FT) naphtha. 

Next we will balance the equation for the reaction of liquid ethanol, C2H5OH, with oxygen gas to form gaseous carbon dioxide and water. This reaction, among many others, occurs in engines that burn a gasoline-ethanol mixture called gasohol. 

Fuel Type Sulfur Free Gasoline, Ethanol... 

When used as a replacement for gasoline, ethanol has a lower energy content, by about 34% per unit volume. This, and other factors, such as costs in energy required to produce the agricultural feedstock, esp>edally corn, have created doubts about the wisdom of an ethanol-based program as a renewable energy source. Production of ethanol from corn is 5 to 6 times less efficient than producing it from sug-... 

Ozcan, M., Akman, S., (2005), Determination of Cu, Co and Pb in gasoline by electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry using aqueous standard addition in gasoline-ethanol-water three-component system, Spectrochim Acta, Part B 60, 399-402. 

Butanol can increase the water tolerance of gasoline-ethanol blends (Bolt 1980 Noon 1982). The water tolerance of the gasoline-ethanol blends increases with the ethanol concentration and temperature. At room temperature, a 25 % ethanol blend with gasoline can tolerate about 1 % of water. If 2 % of water is present in the blend, most of the ethanol will separate from gasoline in a few seconds and settle to the bottom, which is known as phase separation. Phase separation renders the ethanol-gasoline blend unfit as an automobile fuel (Bolt 1980). Addition of butanol to the blend increases the water tolerance to prevent phase separation (Bolt 1980 Noon 1982). 

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