Ethanol consumption, related

Thiele TE, Marsh DJ, Ste Marie L, et al Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels. Nature 396 366-369, 1998... 

Thiele TE, Marsh DJ, Ste Marie L, Bernstein IL, Palmiter RD (1998) Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels. Nature 396 366-369 Thiele TE, Koh MT, Pedrazzini T (2002) Voluntary alcohol consumption is controlled via the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor. J Neurosci 22 RC208 Thorsell A, Rimondini R, Heilig M (2002) Blockade of central neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors reduces ethanol self-administration in rats. Neurosci Lett 332 1-4 Timmusk T, Palm K, Metsis M (1993) Multiple promoter direct tissue-specific expression of rat BDNF gene. Neuron 10 475-489... 

The effect of dietary sesamin and sesaminol on the ethanol-induced modulation of immune indices related to food allergy has also been studied. Although chronic ethanol drinking would increase the plasma IgA, IgM, and IgG concentrations, 0.2% sesamin in the diet could suppress this increase of IgA and IgM, whereas sesaminol was not effective. In addition, the increase in relative liver weight because of ethanol consumption was alleviated by dietary supplementation of sesamin but not by sesaminol (154). 

A recent review by Bailey and Cunningham (2002) is focused on observations, which indicate that the ability of ethanol to increase mitochondrial reactive oxygen production is linked to its metabolism via oxidative processes and/or ethanol-related alterations to the mitochondrial electron transport chain. One of the earliest effect of chronic ethanol consumption on liver is an alteration in mitochondrial structure in which the organelle is often enlarged (see Table 50) and misshapen and contains disrupted cristae. 

The degree of response to purine restriction was also related to the extent of usual alcohol consumption. Ten males whose usual alcohol consumption was minimal or, at most, less than 20 ml of ethanol daily were compared with another group whose usual ethanol consumption was consistently greater than 20 ml of ethanol daily. As shown in Table 3, there was a significantly greater fall in the serum urate concentration in the heavier alcohol consumers. Moreover, the serum urate concentrations were the same during the period of purine and alcohol restriction in the minimal alcohol drinkers as in the heavier alcohol drinkers. Thus, the fall in serum urate with purine and alcohol restriction was significantly... 

We conclude that hyperuricemia related to ethanol consumption at lower blood ethanol levels (less than 150 mg/dl) results from increased production of uric acid probably secondary to accelerated degradation of adenine nucleotides. 

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma (PHC) has also been linked to the chronic consumption of ethanol. However, PHC did not significantly correlate with ethanol intake in several large population studies undertaken in Western countries (Breslow and Enstrom, 1974 Kono and Ikeda, 1979 Hinds et aL, 1980). In these studies, this lack of evidence may be related to an insufficient number of individuals with PHC. It should also be noted that the diagnosis of PHC may be unreliable (Saracci and Repetto, 1980), and it is possible that more careful examination of cirrhotic livers would reveal a higher incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma. Other studies have shown a positive association between ethanol consumption and PHC. In the third National Cancer Survey, Williams and Horm (1977) found a suggestive dose-dependent association between ethanol consumption and PHC, while Hakulinen et aL (1974) reported a significant association between PHC and ethanol misuse in the Finnish population. 

The rates of biomass and ethanol are related to the consumption of the individual sugars by constant yield coefficients... 

Ethanol, also known simply as alcohol, is by far the most widely used depressant. Its structure is shown in Figure 14.34. In the United States, about a third of the population, or about 100 million people, drink alcohol. It is well established that alcohol consumption leads to about 150,000 deaths each year in the United States. The causes of these deaths are overdoses of alcohol alone, overdoses of alcohol combined with other depressants, alcohol-induced violent crime, cirrhosis of the liver, and alcohol-related traffic accidents. 

People who continue to drink alcohol in spite of adverse medical or social consequences related directly to their alcohol consumption suffer from alcoholism, a complex disorder that appears to have genetic as well as environmental determinants. The societal and medical costs of alcohol abuse are staggering. It is estimated that about 30% of all people admitted to hospitals have coexisting alcohol problems. Once in the hospital, people with chronic alcoholism generally have poorer outcomes. In addition, each year thousands of children are born in the USA with morphologic and functional defects resulting from prenatal exposure to ethanol. Despite the investment of many resources and much basic research, alcoholism remains a common chronic disease that is difficult to treat. 

Berthiaume et al. [39] introduce the so-called renewability indicator relating the work produced from solar energy to the work required to restore the degraded products from nonrenewable origin. Based on their analysis and making use of concepts such as the thermodynamic cycle, exergy, and exergy consumption, they conclude that the process to produce ethanol from com is not sustainable as it requires more work of restoration than is produced. 

An increase in consumption of reactants has been noted in the presence of certain Lewis acids. This catalytic effect has been related to the pK values of the various groups, with activities arranged as acids > phenols > water > alcohols nitriles > aromatic > hydrocarbons > dioxane > diisopropylether C6. The alcohols are included in this list due to their weakly acidic nature. The accelerating effect of alcohols is dependent on structure methanol > ethanol > n-propanol > tertbutanol > n-butanol > isobutanol > cyclohexanol ( 6,10). ... 

Carbon dioxide is an industrial gas with two distinct identities. Its traditional role relates to recovery from amnonia production and use in urea manufacture. Smaller amounts are recovered from other sources (e.g., ethanol plants), and the merchant CO market also includes consumption in end uses such as refrigeration and beverage carbonation. An exciting potential, of course, is for use as primary petrochemical feedstock. 

Tryptophan is the most extensively studied amino acid in relation to alcohol and alcoholism. This is probably because it is the precursor of serotonin. Serotonin levels as altered by ethanol could have a role in disturbances in mood, clinical features of alcohol dependence, and alcohol withdrawal states. The control of alcohol consumption itself by serotonin has been considered.96 Accounts of the effects of ethanol on tryptophan and serotonin metabolism have been reviewed.9798 This section limits itself to selected aspects of ethanol and tryptophan metabolism in experimental animals and in humans. How these changes may secondarily affect serotonin metabolism is mentioned. 

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