Multiple promoters

Lu et al. [33] have also found that the k receptor has multiple promoters and have suggested that this could result in differential regulation of the expression of the k receptor. 

Sasaki, M., Kaneuchi, M., Sakuragi, N., and Dahiya, R. (2003) Multiple promoters of catechol-O-methyltransferase gene are selectively inactivated by CpG hypermethylation in endometrial cancer. Cancer Res. 63, 3101-3106. 

Breslin MB, Geng CD, Vedeckis WV. (2001) Multiple promoters exist in the human GR gene, one of which is activated by glucocorticoids. Mol Endocrinol. 15, 1381-1395. 

Thiele TE, Marsh DJ, Ste Marie L, Bernstein IL, Palmiter RD (1998) Ethanol consumption and resistance are inversely related to neuropeptide Y levels. Nature 396 366-369 Thiele TE, Koh MT, Pedrazzini T (2002) Voluntary alcohol consumption is controlled via the neuropeptide Y Y1 receptor. J Neurosci 22 RC208 Thorsell A, Rimondini R, Heilig M (2002) Blockade of central neuropeptide Y (NPY) Y2 receptors reduces ethanol self-administration in rats. Neurosci Lett 332 1-4 Timmusk T, Palm K, Metsis M (1993) Multiple promoter direct tissue-specific expression of rat BDNF gene. Neuron 10 475-489... 

The major disadvantage of this multiple promoter strategy is that the combination promoter activity is leaky. Positive and negative aspects of leaky versus tightly controlled promoters will be discussed in the next section. 

N. Liu, F. C. Lucibello, K. Komer, L. A. Wolfraim, J. Zwicker, and R. Muller, CDF-1, a novel E2F-unrelated factor, interacts with cell cycle-regulated repressor elements in multiple promoters, Nucl. Acids Res. 25 4915 (1997). 

Shashkin et al. (1991) Shashkin et al. (1993) IR Multiple promoted iron molybdates Vanadium molybdates Phase formation Active phase identification Identification of hex M0O3 as active phase + + + Partial oxidation of isobutylene C3, C4 olefin partial oxidation... 

P.A. Moore, et al. A human TATA binding protein-related protein with altered DNA binding specificity inhibits transcription from multiple promoters and activators. Mol. Cell Biol. 19 (1999) 7610-20. 

Izzo P, Costanzo P, Lupo A, Rippa E, Paolella G, Salvatore F. Human aldolase A gene. Structural organization and tissue-specific expression by multiple promoters and alternate mRNA processing. Eur J Biochem 1988 174 569-78. 

Ball, H.J., Shine, J. Herzog, H. (1996) Multiple promoters regulate tissue-specific expression of the human NPY-Y1 receptor gene. J. Biol. Chem. 270, 27 272-27 276. 

Effects of Gene Orientation and Use of Multiple Promoters on the Expression of XYLl and XYL2 in Saccharomyces cerevisiae... 

Timmusk, T., Palm, K., Metsis, M., Reintam, T., Paalme, V. and Saarma, M. (1993) Multiple promoters direct tissue-specific expression of the rat BDNF gene. Neuron 10 475-489. 

Kokaia, Z., Metsis, M., Kokaia, M., Bengzon, J., Elmer, E Smith, M.-L., Timmusk, T., Siesjo, B.K., Persson, H. and Lindvall, O. (1994) Brain insults in rats induce increased expression of the BDNF gene through differential use of multiple promoters. Eur. J. Neurosci. 6 587-596. 

The human IGF-II gene is located downstream of the insulin gene, on chromosome 11. There are nine exons in the 30 kb human gene, but only six exons in the mouse and rat genes. Multiple promoters and polyadenylation sites give rise to transcripts of various sizes, regulated in a tissue-selective manner. Mature IGF-II is a neutral protein of 67 amino acids. 

Transcription of the Human Neuronal Nitric Oxide Synthase Gene in the Central Nervous System Is Mediated by Multiple Promoters ... 

A priori, selective utilization of a linear array of functional promoters could produce tissue-specific patterns of gene expression. The number of genes known to contain multiple promoters is increasing steadily (Barry et al, 1993 Timmusk et al., 1993). Moreover, in certain instances different promoters of a multipromoter gene complex are associated with expression in different tissues (Timmusk et al., 1993). As noted above, both of the clustered promoters described in this report appear to direct expression of NOSl in the cerebellum. However, Marsden et al. (1994) have reported that human NOSl mRNAs with different 5 -terminal exons are expressed outside of the CNS. These mRNAs are likely to be subject to transcriptional control by additional promoters. 

Suzuki, H., Watanabe, M., Fujino, T. Yamamoto, T. (1995) J Biol Chem 270, 9676-9682 Multiple promoters in rat acyl-CoA synthetase gene mediate dillerential expression of multiple transcipts with 5 -end heterogeneity. 

RNA pol III promoters, including tRNA, adenovirus VAl, Ul, and U6 small nuclear RNA derivatives, have allowed ubiquitous and very high intracellular levels of ribozyme expression. Several creative permutations, such as the combination of two promoters driving the same ribozyme gene or the placement of the ribozyme expression cassette within the U3 region of a Long terminal repeat, to produce a double-copy retroviral vector led to further increases in ribozyme expression. Finally, multiple ribozymes can be expressed within the same RNA transcript or from multiple promoter-ribozyme cassettes. 

---