Equipment and hardware

In addition to the hazardous conditions that develop during daily operations and are incorporated in the closed-loop hazard tracking system, the customer may require the contractor to perform a formal periodic risk assessment (usually annually, but it can be more frequent if the customer so desires or if operational activities dictate) of all facilities in which operations will occur. The risk assessment will also take into consideration the hazards associated with the permanent equipment and hardware assigned for use in the facility. The accident risk assessment then becomes a detailed safety analysis of a facility, including its systems and functions. 

In short, the accident risk assessment provides a comprehensive, detailed evaluation of the overall accident risk associated with the operation and maintenance of a specific facility, including its systems, equipment, and hardware. It incorporates the results of integrated hazard analyses, recommended design changes, hazard reports, and procedural or administrative tools that will eliminate or reduce the risk of these hazards, operational flowcharts, safety-critical procedure lists, and other such information pertinent to overall assessment of accident risk. 

An accident is a dynamic occurrence caused by the activation of a hazard and consists of a number of interrelated events resulting in a loss. It can cause the injury or death of individuals, as well as property damage to equipment and hardware. A related term that is sometimes used to refer to accidents but is actually a different kind of event is an incident. An incident is also an unplanned event but may or may not have an adverse effect. An incident may simply be an occurrence with no losses. These are sometimes referred to as near misses. ... 

The HMRI had responsibility for the approval of new railway infrastructure and had developed over many years detailed standards for the design, installation and maintenance of railway equipment and hardware. These were incorporated in a document known to all as the Blue Book which acted as Bible for railway designers both within BR and LUL and the railway supply industry. However, over time the document had become outdated and a revision was planned in the late 1980s to take on board technical standards changes but still in the traditional prescriptive format. 

What are infrastructure facilities They include factories, offices, equipment and hardware, conversion technology and third party suppUers/service resources. Infrastructure facilities do not include people, procedures and systems. Here we consider the challenge for selecting the most appropriate infrastructure facilities, and whether this challenge differs for manufacturing and service industries ... 

Aluminum is used in the home as household foh (0.18 mm thick), cooking utenshs (the first commercial use of aluminum), refrigerators, air conditioners, appHances, insect screening, and hardware. It is also used for toys, sporting equipment, lawn furniture, lawn mowers, and portable tools. In many of these apphcations, anodized or colored coatings are employed for decorative purposes. 

Corrosion. Copper and selected copper aHoys perform admirably in many hostile environments. Copper aHoys with the appropriate corrosion resistance characteristics are recommended for atmospheric exposure (architectural and builder s hardware), for use in fresh water supply (plumbing lines and fittings), in marine appHcations (desalination equipment and biofouling avoidance), for industrial and chemical plant equipment (heat exchangers and condensers), and for electrical/electronic appHcations (coimectors and semiconductor package lead-frames) (30) (see Packaging). 

Prevention and Control Hardware Equipment and technology descriptions Dry and wet control hardware NO, control and application of pollution prevention technologies Flue gas scrubbing and control technologies Incineration and high temperature technologies... 

Section 1. Provides a checklist for evaluating the computer hardware (equipment) and additional software (programs) required to operate the system. The flexibility and ease of use of the system and the availability of training and other types of vendor support are also addressed. 

Although many engineers provide only the minimum adequate vessel design to minimize costs, it is inherently safer to minimize the use of safety interlocks and administrative controls by designing robust equipment. Passive hardware devices can be substituted for active control systems. For example, if the design pressure of the vessel system is higher than the maximum expected pressure, an interlock to trip the system on high pressure or temperatures may be unnecessary. 

Throughout these guidelines it is argued that when engineering techniques for the design and assessment of process equipment and control systems are supplemented with human reliability techniques, then performance of both the hardware and humans will be optimized. 

Polyarylate It is a form of aromatic polyester (amorphous) exhibiting an excellent balance of properties such as stiffness, UV resistance, combustion resistance, high heat-distortion temperature, low notch sensitivity, and good electrical insulating values. It is used for solar glazing, safety equipment, electrical hardware, transportation components and in the construction industry. 

This paper describes work on equipment and instrumentation aimed at a computer-assisted lab-scale resin prep, facility. The approach has been to focus on hardware modules which could be developed and used incrementally on route to system integration. Thus, a primary split of process parameters was made into heat transfer and temperature control, and mass transfer and agitation. In the first of these the paper reports work on a range of temperature measurement, indicators and control units. On the mass transfer side most attention has been on liquid delivery systems with a little work on stirrer drives. Following a general analysis of different pump types the paper describes a programmable micro-computer multi-pump unit and gives results of its use. 

Although computer equipment is used differently to other field equipment, raw data are being generated consequently, maintenance records are required. All maintenance and repairs to the computer system need to be recorded. For example, software and hardware maintenance records would include system/program updates, disk scans, and defragmentation (e.g., preventative maintenance). Repair records might include communication with the software developer about problems/bugs and steps taken to fix any software or hardware problems. Documentation must include whether the... 

Operating when possible in low pressure conditions to minimize equipment and column hardware costs... 

A human error or reliability analysis (HRA) can be performed to identify points that may contribute to an accidental loss. Human errors may occur in all facets of a the hydrocarbon industry. They are generally related to the complexity of the equipment, human-equipment interfaces, hardware for emergency actions, and procedures for operations, testing and training. The probabilities of certain types of errors occurring are normally predicted as indicated in Table 29. Individual tasks can be analyzed to determine the probability of an error occurring. From these probabilities, consequences can be identified which detemline the risk of a particular error. 

There has been a real revolution in instrumentation hardware in the last several decades. Twenty years ago, most control hardware was mechanical and pneumatic (using instrument air pressure to drive gadgets and for control signals). Tubing had to be run back and forth between the process equipment and the control room. Signals were recorded on strip-chart paper recorders. 

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