Experimental optimization

Akhnazarova, S. Kafarov, V. Experimental Optimization in Chemistry and Chemical Engineering. MIR Publishers Moscow, 1982 as cited in Gonzalez, A. G. Anal. Chim. Acta 1998, 360, 227—241. 

The SimuSolv program (Program B) which was written to simulate the reaction finishing process with extra initiator addition is similar to Program A and uses the monomer and initiators mass balance equations with optimized values of the kinetic parameters. The semibatch step had been experimentally optimized for obtaining... 

One of the most widely used methods of experimental optimization in fields other than pharmaceutical technology is the evolutionary operation (EVOP). This technique is especially well suited to a production situation. The basic philosophy is that the production... 

The key to successful application of the experimental optimization techniques is based on adequate experimental design. A system based on this experimental design (see Table 4), but utilizing a special analog computer for analysis, was presented by Clax-ton [19] as the Firestone Computer/Optimizer. 

In some problematic cases, there will be no obvious limits available for the choice of the current density in galvanostatic operation. Concurrent reactions take place, resulting in a poor selectivity. But here the potentiostatic operation also cannot demonstrate its advantages, and probably the simpler galvanostatic operation may be applied. To find relatively suitable operation conditions, an experimental optimization of the current density should be carried out, perhaps including parameters... 

The experimental optimization of Nafion ionomer loading within a catalyst layer has attracted widespread attention in the fuel cell community, mainly due to its critical role in dictating the reaction sites and mass transport of reactants and products [15,128-134]. Nafion ionomer is a key component in the CL, helping to increase the three-phase reaction sites and platinum utilization to retain moisture, as well as to prevent membrane dehydration, especially at low current densities. Optimal Nafion content in the electrode is necessary to achieve high performance. 

Using an experimentally-optimized focusing lens (/ = 15 mm spot radius, w = 4.3 pm) and a 3 mm KNbOj crystal (cut for NCPM at 22°C and 858 nm AR-coated), up to 11.8 mW of blue average power with a spectral width up to AIsh 1-4 nm at 429 nm was generated with only 44.6 mW of incident fundamental. The maximum observed SHG conversion efficiency was as high as 30 %. The overall efficiency of the electrical-to-blue process was over 1 %, and the blue pulses were measured by autocorrelation to be -500 fs in duration. ... 

The bulk appKTP crystal was 4 mm in length, and was not AR-coated. The grating periods varied from 4.1 pm to 4.3 pm in order to provide a fundamental bandwidth of 7 nm, for SHG at room temperature centered at 851 nm. With an experimentally-optimized focusing lens (f= 15 mm w =... 

Figure 15. Experimental values of SHG efficiency using the bulk KNb03 crystal tkta points), and the predictions of our model (gray curve) and another model (black curve) for L/L t = 30, as a function of the focusing strength, m = L/b. The theoretical curves are normahzed to their values for L/b = 10, which was the experimental optimal focusing strength. The maximum experimental point refers to a SHG efficiency of 30%.

Deming, S.N. (1990b), Experimental Optimization for Quality Products and Processes, Chapter 7 in Kaijnlainen, E.J., Ed., Scientific Computing and Automation (Europe) 1990, Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 71-83. 

For the regeneration of ATP, we chose the system based in the use of acetyl phosphate as final phosphoryl donor because this affords several advantages (i) acetyl phosphate is easily obtained by acylation of phosphoric acid with acetic anhydride in ethyl acetate [24], and (ii) the resulting sodium acetate is a non-toxic and an environmentally compatible compound. However, this regeneration system is quite sensitive to pH changes. Thus, a continuous adjustment of the pH to 7.5 is needed to maintain the proper operation of the system. Perhaps the main aspect of this approach is that the DHAP must be formed at the same rate as it is consumed by the aldolase. To avoid the accumulation of DHAP and minimize its non-enzymatic degradation, fine tuning of the aldolase/DHAK activities is needed. This adjustment must be experimentally optimized for some acceptors. 

The annealing process was experimentally optimized using Silane in Ar [3% Silane in 97% nltra-high pnrity (UHP) Ar)]. Initial experiments were conducted with palladium-purified hydrogen as the carrier gas. Unfortunately, this method... 

C.H. Lochmuller and K.R. Luiig, Application of laboratory robotics in spectrophotometric sample preparation and experimental optimization, Analytica ChimicaActa, 183 (1986) 257-262. 

Y. Duan, B. S. Peterson, F. Liu, T. R. Brown, T. S. Ibrahim and A. Kangarlu, Computational and experimental optimization of a double-tuned H/ P four-ring birdcage head coil for MRS at 3T. /. Magn. Reson. Imaging, 2009, 29,13-22. 

Apart from establishing analytical validation parameters, other activities should include experimental optimization of each procedural step or method manipulation to determine the critical control steps that have a substantial impact on method performance. The ruggedness or process variability that may be employed in any particular method step, without reducing method performance, should be determined. It should be identified, for example, whether an analytical method may be stopped without adversely affecting the result. 

Related synthetic routes include the redox condensation reaction of carbonylate anions with neutral carbonyls, e.g., Eq. (12) (55), metal exchange reactions between carbonylate anions, e.g., Eq. (13) (56), and direct reductive carbonylation of metal halides, e.g., Eq. (14) (57). The stoichiometry of the products are not rational, and the mechanisms clearly are very complicated, though once again these reactions, under experimental optimization, can provide very useful synthetic routes. 

Experimental Optimization of Research Subject 427 Table 2.216 FUFE 23 and method of steepest ascent... 

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