Enterococcus

Enterobacter aerogenes Enterobacter cloacae Enterobacteriaceae Enterobacter ridant Enterobactin Enterococcus faecalis Enterohepatitis Enteroviruses... 

L efflux Bacillus., Staphylococcus., Streptococcus Enterococcus, Peptostreptococcus ... 

M ribosomal protection Neisseria, Mycoplasma, Ureaplasma, Haemophilus, Campylobacter, Clostridium, Enterococcus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus Gardnerella, Kingella, Eikenella, Veillonella, Tusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus Clostridium difficile. Streptococcus pneumoniae... 

Resistance to the A compound of streptogramins is mediated by products of the vat genes (virginiamycin acetyliransferase), of which at least five molecular classes are known (vatA-E). These genes are located on plasmids of Enterococcus faecium and frequently in combination with a gene encoding a streptogramin hydrolase (vga/vgb) in staphylococci. 

Other pseudomonic acids (B, C, D) are also produced. Mupirocin is active predominantly against staphylococci and most streptococci, but Enterococcus faecalis and Gramnegative bacilli are resistant There is also evidence of plasmid-mediated mupirocin resistance in some chnical isolates of Staph, aureus. 

Bacteria which are almost always sensitive to the sulphonamides include Strep, pneumoniae, /3-haemolytic streptococci, Escherichia coli and Proteus mirabilis those almost always resistant include Enterococcus faecalis, Ps. aeruginosa, indole-positive Proteus and Klebsiella whereas bacteria showing a marked variation in response include Staph, aureus, gonococci, El. influenzae and hospital strains of E. coli and Pr. mirabilis. 

Microbiological organisms Enterococcus faecium, Salmonella typhimurium, EnterobacUr cloacea, Escherichia coli, Listeria monocytogenes... 

This Section describes one of the first successful attempts, by a multi national project team funded by the European Commission s DC XII, to produce and certify a microbiological CRM that is both fit for purpose and meets the requirements of the ISO Guides. The first results are two bacterial strains, Enterococcus faecium (CRM 506) and Salmonella typhimurium (CRM 507) (fanning et al. 1995). Both are available as part of the EU BCR range of CRMs. 

The homogeneity determination of the bacteria in the materials is performed by viable count followed by statistical evaluation of the cormts of sub-samples from the same capsule solution and of total counts of different capsules of one batch. An example for the homogeneity determination for a batch of capsules containing Enterococcus faecium is also presented in (Janning et al. 1995). 

Tab. 5.1 Certified number concentration of colony forming particles of Enterococcus faecium (WR63) in CRM 506 from artificially contaminated milk powder (Mooijman et al. 1999)...

Additional P2 proline-containing PDF inhibitors have been reported in the patent literature by Dainippon and Questcor [95, 96]. The Dainippon examples disclosed contain an A-formyl-A-hydroxylamine group and possess good antibacterial activity against S. aureus, S. pneumoniae, Streptococcus pyogenes. Enterococcus faecium and M. catarrhalis [95]. The Questcor patent application describes various proline-containing hydroxamic acid inhibitors [96]. 

Empiric antibiotic coverage for gram-positive, gram-negative, and Enterococcus (e.g., gentamicin plus vancomycin, then individualize after culture results become available) continue for 2-4 weeks... 

Duodenum/jejunum 103-105 Lactobacillus Streptococcus sp. Enterococcus Enterobacteriaceae Diphtheroids Few anaerobes... 

Enterobacteriaceae Enterococcus sp. Pseudomonas sp. Streptococcus sp. Anaerobes including Bacteroides sp. Clostridium sp. 

Infections acquired from an external source are referred to as exogenous infections. These infections may occur as a result of human-to-human transmission, contact with exogenous bacterial populations in the environment, and animal contact. Resistant pathogens such as methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. 

Bacteria such as E. coli appear responsible for the early mortality from peritonitis, whereas anaerobic bacteria are major pathogens in abscesses, with B. fragilis predominating.15 Enterococcus can be isolated from many intraabdominal infections in humans, but its role as a pathogen is not clear.16... 

Burnett RJ, Haverstock DC, Dellinger EP, et al. Definition of the role of enterococcus in intraabdominal infection Analysis of a prospective randomized trial. Surgery 1995 118 721-723. 

The majority (85%) of uncomplicated UTIs are caused by Escherichia coli. The remaining 15% are caused by Klebsiella spp., Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Enterococcus spp., Proteus spp., and other organisms. 

Insufficiency SO years) peripheral neuropathy Enterobacteriaceae, P. aeruginosa, Enterococcus spp., anaerobes Vancomycin PLUS (1) piperacillin/tazobactam (2) imipenem/cilastatin or meropenem (3) cefepime or ceftazidime and clindamycin or metronidazole (4) ciprofloxacin or levofloxacin and clindamycin or metronidazole... 

MRSA Enterococcus spp. Vancomycin Adult 10-15 mg/kg per dose IV every 8-12 hours Pediatric6 40 mg/kg per day IV in divided doses every 6 hours Linezolid Adult 600 mg IV/oral every 12 hours Pediatric6 10 mg/kg per dose IV/oral every 8 hours ... 

Enterococcus species are normal inhabitants of the gastrointestinal tract, but should empiric treatment of intra-abdominal infections have activity against Enterococcus species Empiric treatment that covered Enterococcus species in intraabdominal infections was equivalent to empiric treatment that lacked enterococcal coverage. Routine coverage for Enterococcus is not necessary for patients with community-acquired intra-abdominal infections. However, in patients with nosocomial or high-severity infections, enterococcal coverage may be warranted.39... 

Enterococcus spp. 50% resistance to methicillin Resistance to vancomycin greater... 

Vancomycin adds broad-spectrum gram-positive coverage, but increasing emergence of vancomycin-resistant organisms (e.g., Enterococcus spp.) prompts conservative use. Thus vancomycin should be included as part of the initial therapy only in the following cases ... 

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