Engine Developments

Nova and E. Tronconi (eds.), Vrea-SCR Technology for deNOx After Treatment of Diesel Exhausts, Fundamental and Applied Catalysis, 

Although the first commercial lean deNOx system was a lean NOx trap (LNT) on the European Toyota Avensis in the early 2000s, and then on the US Dodge Ram truck (Cummins engine) in 2007, the first wide-scale use of deNOx was the implementation of SCR for heavy-duty (HD) tmck applications in Europe in 2005. The US Tier 2 and Cahfornia Low Emission Vehicle (LEVII) regulations were the first to force SCR on light-duty (LD) applications in 2007. SCR did not make its way into NR applications until 2011 in both the US and Europe. 

Following is a general overview of the HD, LD, and NR regulations pertinent to understanding the main drivers for SCR systems. 

No 3 tjjsur.eas Sor tescyelo Oiflaenoes. Japan Kasa HC limt d M 

The leading LD diesel non-methane HC and NOx regulations are graphically shown in Fig. 1.2. Only the US (Federal and CaUfomia LEVIII) has the test-cycle and limit value combination to force NOx aftertreatment. All require a DPF (regulations not shown). By 2013, perhaps a dozen diesel models will be on the US market. However, the majority of Euro 6 applications will have NOx aftertreatment to minimize NO2 emissions and fuel consumption. 

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The classification of motor oils has not been completed in the ISO standard because the technical differences between motors in different parts of the world, particularly Europe and the United States, make the implementation of a single system of classification and specifications very difficult. In practice, different systems coming from national or international organizations are used. The best known is the SAE viscosity classification from the Society of Automotive Engineers, developed in the United States. 

Arnold Engineering Development Center, Test Facilif Data Base, Vol 3 Aerothermal Test Facilities, Aeroballistic andImpactPanges, and Space Environmental Chambers, Arnold Air Eorce Base, Term., Oct. 1988. 

Seawater. The world s oceans contain ca 4 X 10 t of uranium (32). Because the uranium concentration is very low, approximately 3.34 ppm, vast amounts of water would be required to recover significant amount of uranium metal, ie, 10 m of seawater for each metdc ton of U. Significant engineering development and associated environmental concerns have limited the development of an economic means of uranium extraction from seawater (32) (see Ocean RAWMATORiALs). 

The pioneering 10-MW Solar One plant in Barstow, California, produced the most successful central receiver tests. The plant was funded primarily by the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) and operated by Southern California Edison Company in the early to mid-1980s. EPRI provided technical evaluations of the experiment. The general conclusion drawn from Solar One and other experiments was that further substantial engineering development was needed. 

Richard L. Shilling, P.E., B.S.M., B.E.M.E., Manager of Engineering Development, Brown Fintube Company—a Koch Engineering Company Member, American Society of Mechanical Engineers (Section 11, Heat-Transfer Equipment)... 

Sponsor/Developing OrgankfUion Department of Defense, Civil and Environmental Engineering Development Office, Tyndall Air Force Base, Panama City, Florida, 32403. Computer The code is 200 lines of FORTRAN, hence, it should compile and run on most PC. Cost. Unknown. 

Because the jet engine was free of the demanding need for high-octane fuel, in the early days of the jet-engine development it was thought that it could use practically any liquid fuel. However, subsequent experience proved this to be untrue, as a number of potential problem areas indicated that control of fuel properties, reflecting both bulk and trace components, were important for satisfactory use. Over the years these important property requirements were translated into specification requirements that put restrictions on what is acceptable as jet fuel. 

Power and torque are directly related. An automobile engine develops power when producing a torque on the dnvetrain. Generally, the owner of an automobile is more interested in power than torque. Flowever, technicians in the automobile industry usually evaluate the performance in terms of torque... 

The aircraft gas turbine engine, developed more than sixty years ago, uses the principle of jet reaction and the turbine engine. The engine consists of three major elements a compressor and a turbine expander, which are connected by a common shaft and a combustor, located between the compressor and the turbine expander. The useful work of the engine is the difference between that produced by the turbine and that required by the compressor. For the simple cycle system shown in Figure 1, about two-thirds of all the power produced by the turbine is used to drive the compressor. 

Denys Papin s steam engine, France. Reciprocating steam engine developed by Thomas Newcomen (English). 

Some companies do not allow the use of this sheet in their work primarily because of the confidential nature of some of the.process data. Wliere it is used, it presents a concise summary of the complete process and key mechanical data for assembly. This type of sheet requires more time for complete preparation, but like all engineering developments preliminary issues are made as information is available. Often the sheet is not complete until the piping and other detailed drawings are finished. This then is an excellent record of the process as well as a work sheet for training operators of the plant. 

Any rushed program of process engineering develop ment trill usually be inefficient in manpower for certain parts of the work. Thus lead time for proper thinking and evaluation of significant process schemes and types of... 

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