Endocrine changes

Figure 4. Simple model of the elicitation of endocrine changes in emotion.

Salmon P, Evans R, Humphrey DE. (1986). Anxiety and endocrine changes in surgical patients. BrJ din Psychoi. 25(pt 2) 135-41. 

Figure 13.32 The female triad disordered eating, osteoporosis and menstrual cycle disturbance. A low energy intake and high energy expenditure can Lead to endocrine changes that result in osteoporosis and disturbance in the menstrual cycle. A low energy intake in female runners, rowers or gymnasts in order to maintain a low body weight can lead to other disturbances in eating such as bulimia or anorexia nervosa. Stress may contribute to energy imbalance and may have additional effects on the hypothalamus.

Kiinzel HE, Zobel AW, Nickel T, Ackl N, Uhr M, Sonntag A, et al (2003) Treatment of depression with the corticotropin-releasing hormone-1-receptor antagonist R121919 endocrine changes and side effects. J Psychiatr Res 37 525-533... 

Given that the seat of hormonal modulation is in the limbic-hypothalamic-pituitary axis, endocrine changes serve as important correlates to major psychiatric disorders. These changes include basal hormone concentrations, as well as responses to pharmacological challenges. Equally important, endocrine disorders may present with psychiatric symptoms (e.g., manic symptoms in hyperthyroidism, severe depression in hypercortisol ism, psychotic symptoms associated with Cushing s syndrome). Commonly used neuroendocrine tests include the following. 

Ramelteon Activates and MT2 receptors in suprachiasmatic nuclei in the CNS Rapid onset of sleep with minimal rebound insomnia or withdrawal symptoms Sleep disorders, especially those characterized by difficulty in falling asleep not a controlled substance Oral activity forms active metabolite via CYP1A2 Toxicity Dizziness fatigue endocrine changes Interactions Fluvoxamine inhibits metabolism... 

Lucis OJ, Lucis R. Oral contraceptives and endocrine changes. Bull World Health Organ 1972 46(4) 443-50. 

Cannabinoids Hashish Marijuana Psychoactive drugs with mixed (stimulant and depressant] activity Smoked possible oral ingestion Initial response euphoria, excitement, increased perception later response relaxation, stupor, dreamlike state Endocrine changes (decreased testosterone in males] and changes in respiratory function similar to chronic ... 

Both in vitro and in vivo tests have shown that some of the eicosanoids affect the secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. PGE compounds promote the release of growth hormone, prolactin, TSH, ACTH, FSH, and LH. However, endocrine changes reflecting significant release of these hormones have not been reported in patients receiving PGE compounds. LTC4 and LTD4 stimulate LHRH and LH secretion (see below). 

Woodhead, A.D. and Woodhead, P.M.J. (1965a). Seasonal changes in the physiology of the Barents Sea cod, Gadus morhua L., in relation to its environment. I. Endocrine changes particularly affecting migration. Special Publications of the International Commission on North-West Atlantic Fisheries 6,691-715. 

Zak LJ, Cosgrove JR, Aheme FX, et al. 1997. Pattern of feed intake and associated metabolic and endocrine change differentially affect postweaning fertility in primiparous lactating sows. J Anim Sci 75 208-216. 

Because the type I interferons produced no adverse effects on embryofetal development and the early abortifacient effect could be predicted based on a measurement of female endocrine changes, the need to conduct additional macaque embryofetal development studies for type I interferons in nonhuman primates was considered unnecessary. Therefore, for the second-generation pegylated versions of the alpha interferons, only hormonal analysis was conducted in macaques. This is the only known example of where mechanistic studies have been accepted in place of developmental studies in accordance with ICH S6 guidance. 

Seasonal variations in phase I and II enzymes are often seen in conjunction with breeding cycles. This is particularly true in amphibians, fish, and birds and probably reflect underlying endocrine changes associated with the establishment of reproductive competence. For example, in the razorbill, elevated metabolism of organochlo-rine insecticides such as aldrin has been reported in females collected in April-May. This correlated with increased ovarian size and may be related to increases in cir-... 

SAFETY PROFILE Poison by ingestion, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and subcutaneous routes. Human systemic effects by intravenous route anorexia, hallucinations and distorted perceptions, thrombosis, nausea or vomiting, fatty liver degeneration, impaired liver function, endocrine changes, and leukopenia (reduced white blood cell count). An experimental teratogen. Experimental reproductive effects. Mutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and fumes. 

M8. Moore, F. D., Endocrine changes after anaesthesia, surgery and unanaesthetized trauma in man. Recent Progr. Harm. Res. 13, 511-576 (1957). 

Phenytoin can cause vestibulocerebellar, oculomotor, and cognitive dysfunction. It can also cause gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, and acromegaly-hke facial features. Movement disorders, symptoms of peripheral neuropathy, and endocrine changes are uncommon. Interstitial nephritis, interstitial pneumonia, and hepatotoxicity are rare. High intravenous doses are cardiotoxic. 

Osteoporosis is of two forms- primary i.e. idiopathic and secondary. Primary osteoporosis is classified into type I and type II osteoporosis. Type I is referred to post menopausal osteoporosis which is the main type affecting women, characterized by rapid bone loss and affects women after the menopause, mainly in trabecular bone and is associated with vertebrae and distal radio fractures whereas type II also termed as senile osteoporosis occurs due to chronic deficiency of calcium, increase in parathormone activity and decrease in bone formation and is associated with aging. On the other hand secondary type results from inflammatory processes, endocrine changes, multiple myeloma, sedentariness and the use of drugs such as heparin, corticoid and alcohol [3]. Prevention is the main treatment of osteoporosis, for which bone mass peak and the prevention of postmenopausal reabsorption are critical elements. The common treatment of osteoporosis includes calcium consumption as calcium salts, vitamin D supplements, and hormone reposition [4], the use of calcitonin to modulate serum levels of calcium and phosphorous [5], the use of bisphosphonate, mainly alendronates [6], use of ipriflavone and sodium fluoride [7], besides physical activity to strengthen muscles, stimulate osteoblasts formation and prevent reabsorption. 

Endocrine. Endocrine changes may be identified by inclusion of specific hormone analyses (based on availability of bioanalytical methods for the species) in toxicology studies, or more typically by histopathologic evaluation of endocrine organs. Results from the multinational industry survey showed only moderate concordance (60 percent) from preclinical studies.7 Fletcher reported that the findings from preclinical toxicology studies overpredicted effects in humans.14... 

Chronic exposure to dioxins has resulted in splenic and testicular atrophy, elevated gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase levels, elevated cholesterol levels, and abnormal neurologic findings. Additional effects include enzyme induction, diabetes, and endocrine changes. The chronic, noncancer reference exposure level of 3.5 xl0 pgm is listed for TCDD or 2,3,7,8-equivalents by the California Air Pollution Control Officers Association Air Toxics Hot Spots Program. 

Fuchs E, Kramer M, Hermes B, Netter P, Hiemke C. Psychosocial stress in tree shrews clomipramine counteracts behavioral and endocrine changes. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1996 54 219-228. 

Nylen ES, Muller B. Endocrine changes in critical iUness. 

From the above outline of some of the endocrine changes consequent on physical injury, including the discussion of thyroid activity in Section... 

Kokka, N., Clemons, G.K., and Lomax, P., Relationship between the temperature and endocrine changes induced by cholinesterase inhibitors. Pharmacology, 34, 74, 1987. Yang, Q.J. and Wamick, J.E., Effect of sarin and soman on spinal reflexes in the cat. NeuroscL Abstr., 9, 230A, 1983. 

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