Industrial survey

Mineral Industry Surveys (Fourth Quarter 1989), U.S. Department of Interior, Bureau of Mines, Washington, D.C., May 5,1990. 

Industrial Surveys of Refractoy Service Conditions, Committee C-8, ASTM, Philadelphia, Pa. 

Columbium (Niobium) and Tantalum in 1994 U.S. Bureau of Mines, Mineral Industry Survey, 1995. 

Swimming Pool and Spa Industry Survey, The National Spa and Pool Institute, Alexandria, Va., 1993. 

J. R. Loebenstein, Mineral Industry Surveys, Arsenic in 1989 (Annual Keview), Bureau of Mines, U.S. Dept, of Interior, Washington D.C., 1989. Information bulletin. No. 5 and 6, Arsenic Development Committee, Rue LaEayette, Paris, Prance, 1965. 

D. Peckner and I. M. Bernstein, Handbook of Stainless Steels, McGraw-HiU Book Co., New York, 1977, 1200 pp. Miner. Yearb. 1980 and 1984 ed.. Chromium Mineral Industry Surveys, 1990. 

Titles of potential resourees were obtained by eonducting a literature search and an industry survey. Simultaneous literature searches were condueted by CCPS and SAIC. CCPS eoneentrated on obtaining CPI data resources while SAIC used a literature search conducted for the nuclear power reliability eommunity. These literature searches used in-house eompany, engineering, and public libraries and recommendations from members of the user eommunity. At the same time, a questionnaire was sent to professionals who eonduct CPQRAs. The survey requested information on the data resourees used by the companies and whether they had plant-speeific data that could be used by CCPS. Members of the CCPS Equipment Reliability Data Subcommittee were also asked to eompile lists of data resources with which they were familiar and which they had used for reliability or risk analyses. As a result, an extensive but not necessarily eomplete list of data resource titles was assembled. Any resources uncovered after the publisher s eutoff date and not reviewed have been included in Appendix D. 

SAIC provided much of the data used in this book from its proprietary files of previously analyzed and selected information. Since these data were primarily from the nuclear power industry, a literature search and industry survey described in Chapter 4 were conducted to locate other sources of data specific to the process equipment types in the CCPS Taxonomy. Candidate data resources identified through this effort were reviewed, and the appropriate ones were selected. Applicable failure rate data were extracted from them for the CCPS Generic Failure Rate Data Base. The resources that provided failure information are listed in Table 5.1 with data reference numbers used in the data tables to show where the data originated. 

Other problems (and successes) experienced by users of equipment are outlined in surveys (1981 and 1984) which present a broad spectrum of industry applications. The industries surveyed are shown in Table 19.6 and summaries of the findings of these surveys are shown in Tables 19.7 and 19.8. It is interesting to note that some of the problems highlighted in the 1981 survey had been considerably improved by the time of the 1984 survey. 

More than just intuition tells us how important materials are. In 1989 the National Research Council (NRC) prepared a report, Materials Science and Engineering for the 1990s (7) that examined in detail the impact of materials science on our national competitiveness. The NRC study surveyed eight major industries that together employed 7 million people in 1987 and had sales of more than 1.4 trillion. Additional millions of jobs in ancillary industries depend on the materials industry. Despite the very different needs for particular materials, the NRC survey also showed a remarkable consistency in generic and technological needs. Every industry surveyed expressed a clear need to produce new and traditional materials more economically and with a higher reproducibility and quality than is currently possible. 

In particular, the industry survey revealed a serious weakness in U.S. research efforts involving the synthesis and processing of materials. Moreover, industry has the major responsibility for maintaining the competitiveness of its products and product operations. Collaboration with... 

Information on occupational exposure to lead is obtained primarily from the National Occupational Exposure Survey (NOES) and industry surveys of workers. While occupational exposure is widespread, environmental monitoring data on levels of exposure in many occupations are not available. OSHA has established a permissible exposure limit (PEL) for lead of 50 pg/m3 for workplace air (OSHA 1991). NIOSH has estimated that more than 1 million American workers were occupationally exposed to inorganic lead in more than 100 occupations (NIOSH 1977a, 1978a). According to NOES, conducted by NIOSH between 1980 and 1983, an estimated 25,169 employees were exposed to tetraethyl lead (not used in gasoline since December 31, 1995) approximately 57,000 employees were exposed to various lead oxides mostly in non-ferrous foundries, lead smelters, and battery plants 3,902 employees were exposed to lead chloride and 576,579 employees were exposed to some other form of lead in the workplace in 1980 (NIOSH 1990). Workers who operate and maintain solid waste incinerators are also exposed to air lead levels as high as 2,500 pg/m3 (Malkin 1992). 

DOI. 1987a. Mineral industry surveys Lead industry in May 1987. Washington, DC U.S. 

DOI/USGS. 1997a. Mineral industry surveys. U.S. Department of the Interior-US. Geological Survey. 

The next sections of this chapter describe the industry surveys and results that help answer this question. 

When limited historical data is available from the aforementioned sources, there are external sources of historical control data that can be used with the appropriate qualifiers. The leading source of historical control data for developmental toxicity remains the MARTA Historical Control Database. This data originated from industry surveys conducted by the Middle Atlantic Reproduction and Teratology Association (MARTA) and the Midwest Teratology Association (MTA) (4-6). It is the most comprehensive compilation of control data from developmental toxicity studies in CD rats and... 

Recent historical control data for multigeneration reproduction studies is available from an industry survey conducted by the... 

Refs 1) Anon, "Apparent Consumption of Industrial Explosives and Blasting Agents in the United States, 1972 , Mineral Industries Surveys, Explosives, Annual, July 1973 2) G. Cohn, Edit, Expls Pyrots 7(1), 1974... 

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