Emulsion formula

It appears from a survey of the literature that the essential properties of micelles in nonpolar solvents are understood, namely their stability and variations of size, the dissociation behavior, and their solubilizing capacities. Reverse micelles can dissolve relatively large amounts of water (1-10% w/v depending on emulsion formula) as well as polar solutes and, of course, water-soluble compounds. Consequently, they can be used as media for a number of reactions, including enzyme-catalyzed reactions. Very few attempts to investigate such reverse micelles at subzero temperatures are known, in spite of the fact that hydrocarbon solutions present very low freezing points. 

Sandimmune is the original formulation of cyclosporine used in clinical transplantation. Erratic absorption of the formulation has limited its use in transplant recipients. Many long-term transplant recipients continue on Sandimmune . The formulation has been supplanted by the micro-emulsion formula of cyclosporine. 

A typical emulsion formula for encapsulation on pure gum may be expressed as follows ... 

While paper manufacturers are not legally constrained to disclose the nature of their emulsion formula, one thing to watch for are the buzz words silver-rich. This usually indicates an older formulation that does not use dye. And while it does not mean the paper is better (some old formulas are pretty bad and some of the dye-rich papers are very good for example, Ilford Multigrade IV), it usually means the paper will respond well to image color manipulation with toning. 

Optimizing an emulsion formula means evaluating the stability and the performances of the emulsion versus its composition. This subsection will describe different ways of rating the emulsion stability. Most of the time, several methods, rather than only one, are necessary to give the right information. 

Basic Components. The principal components in emulsion polymerization are deionized water, monomer, initiator, emulsifier, buffer, and chain-transfer agent. A typical formula consists of 20—60% monomer, 2—10 wt % emulsifier on monomer, 0.1—1.0 wt % initiator on monomer, 0.1—1.0 wt % chain-transfer agent on monomer, various small amounts of buffers and bacteria control agents, and the balance deionized water. 

Emulsifiers. Removing the remover is just as important as removing the finish. For water rinse removers, a detergent that is compatible with the remover formula must be selected. Many organic solvents used in removers are not water soluble, so emulsifiers are often added (see Emulsions). Anionic types such as alkyl aryl sulfonates or tolyl fatty acid salts are used. In other appHcations, nonionic surfactants are preferred and hydrophilic—lipophilic balance is an important consideration. 

The different types of furniture pohshes include hquid or paste solvent waxes, clear oil pohshes, emulsion oil pohshes, emulsion wax pohshes, and aerosol or spray pohshes (3). Nonwoven wipes impregnated with pohsh ingredients have been targeted at consumers who do not wish to expend the time to dust before polishing (11). Compilations of representative formulas are given in References 3, 4, 12, and 13. Paste waxes contain ca 25 wt % wax, the remainder being solvent. Clear oil pohshes contain 10—15 wt % oil and a small amount of wax, the rest being solvent. Aerosol or spray products may contain 2—5 wt % of a sihcone polymer, 1—3 wt % wax, 0—30 wt % hydrocarbon solvent, and ca 1 wt % emulsifier. The remainder is water. 

Formulas for representative floor poHshes are Hsted in References 3, 12, 13, and 25. An aqueous formula may contain 0—12 wt % polymer, 0—12 wt % resin, 0—6 wt % wax, 0.3—1.5 wt % tris(butoxyethyl)phosphate, 1—6 wt % glycol ether, and 0—1 wt % zinc, with water filling the rest. Water-clear floor finishes contain Htfle or no wax, whereas buffable products contain relatively large amounts of wax. Sealers contain Htfle wax and relatively large amounts of emulsion polymers (28). For industrial use, sealers are appHed to porous substrates to fiH the pores and prevent poHshes that are used as topcoats from soaking into the floor. 

Car poHshes can be soHd, semisoHd, or Hquid. They can be solvent-based or emulsions. In either case, Hquid and soHd forms are possible. Compdations of suggested formulas are given in References 3, 12, and 44. A representative Hquid emulsion product may contain 10—15 wt % abrasive,... 

Metal poHshes may contain emulsifiers and thickeners for controlling the consistency and stabilization of abrasive suspensions, and the product form can be soHd, paste, or Hquid. Liquid and paste products can be solvent or emulsion types the market for the latter is growing. Formulas for metal poHshes are Hsted ia Reference 12. A representative Hquid emulsion product may contain 8—25 wt % abrasive, 2—6 wt % surfactant, 0—5 wt % chelating agents, and 0—25 wt % solvent, with the remainder being water. The abrasive content ia an emulsion paste product is greater than that ia a solvent product. 

Body washes are another more recent introduction into the marketplace. These products have become a mainstay in the European market and, in only a few years, have grown to be a significant fraction of the U.S. market. Body washes can be simple formulas similar to those used for Hquid handsoaps or complex 2-in-l oil-in-water emulsion, moisturizing formulations. These products contain a wide range of synthetic surfactants not typically found in bar... 

Poly(vinyl acetate) emulsions can be made with a surfactant alone or with a protective coUoid alone, but the usual practice is to use a combination of the two. Normally, up to 3 wt % stabilizers may be included in the recipe, but when water sensitivity or tack of the wet film is desired, as in some adhesives, more may be included. The most commonly used surfactants are the anionic sulfates and sulfonates, but cationic emulsifiers and nonionics are also suitable. Indeed, some emulsion compounding formulas require the use of cationic or nonionic surfactants for stable formulations. The most commonly used protective coUoids are poly(vinyl alcohol) and hydroxyethyl cellulose, but there are many others, natural and synthetic, which are usable if not preferable for a given appHcation. 

Flexible batch. Both the formula and the processing instructions can change from batch to batch. Emulsion polymerization reactors are a good example of a flexible batch facility. The recipe for each produc t must detail Both the raw materials required and how conditions within the reac tor must be sequenced in order to make the desired product. 

The strength of a solution or emulsion is, of course, corrected by additions of stronger or weaker fluid. The percentage concentration of make-up fluid is calculated by the formula ... 

Analogies are dangerous, but one point may be emphasized, and possibly overemphasized. Is not the art of emulsion at a point similar to that where Kekule found the art of organic chemistry some 100 years ago His contribution of the benzene structure began the tremendous advances in this field with which all are familiar. It is unlikely that on the basis of present knowledge any simple formula will suffice however, any correlative efforts must be of help. 

Lipases, 3 675-676 10 281-282 cotton modification, 8 30 immobilized, 10 306 in leather processing, 10 306 in personal care products, 10 306 Lipid emulsions, 10 130 Lipidil, molecular formula and structure, 5 14 It... 

Soy Protein Concentrates. Both non-functional (low or no solubility) and functional (good solubility, emulsification capacity, and dispersibility) soy protein concentrates (70% protein, dry basis) are commercially available for use in meat products (2-4, 6, j), 15) Normally, a highly functional product with no harsh or bitter flavors is desirable. When used to replace lean meat, non-hydrated concentrate can be used at levels up to 6-7% in finished nonspecific emulsion meats Higher replacement levels or formulas with specific cost/nutrition requirements may use soy protein concentrate with a judicious amount of textured soy protein (6). Excellent yields, cost savings, texture, flavor and nutrient profiles are possible. However, most soy protein concentrates lack sufficient solubility or sufficiently low viscosities to be used in brines for absorption or injection into whole muscle tissue. When legal standards for protein content exist (13), more concentrate must be used to achieve legal minimums. Brine viscosities increase and uniform distribution of brine components throughout the specific whole muscle piece is restricted. Finished product appearance and flavor are easily compromised. Thus, use of soy protein concentrates in whole muscle applications is limited. 

When we wanted to numerically fit experimental PFGE data of water diffusion in a water-in-oil emulsion, we found that for a beginner in this field the literature is quite confusing. First, all three expressions for diffusion in a sphere with reflecting walls are somewhat different and lead to very different fitting results, especially when the formulas are combined with a radius distribution function. Since the derivation of the published expressions needs some tedious algebra (which has not been published), it is not trivial to check the derivation in order to establish which expression is the correct one. Here we use a numerical approach to decide which expression is correct. 

Leal-Calderon et al. [13] have proposed some basic ideas that control the colloidal interactions induced by solvent or a mixture of solvent and solute, when varying their length from molecular to colloidal scale. They have investigated the behavior of water- and glycerol-in oil emulsions in the presence of linear flexible chains of various masses. Figure 3.7 shows the phase behavior of both water and glycerol droplets of diameter 0.4 pm when dispersed in a linear aliphatic solvent of formula C H2 +2, from n = 5 to n = 30. Because, for n larger than 16, solvent crystallization occurs at room temperature, a second series of experiments... 

A very successful approach to the preparation of starch-based emulsion stabilizers has been the development of polysaccharide derivatives of substituted dicarboxylic acids by Caldwell and Wurzburg (4). The invention involves the treatment of starch with substituted cyclic dicarboxylic acid anhydrides having the following structural formula ... 

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