Sulfate anions

Notice m the following example that a proton adds to the carbon that has the greater number of hydrogens and the hydrogen sulfate anion ( OSO2OH) adds to the carbon that has the fewer hydrogens... 

Sulfuric acid is normally used instead of hydrochloric acid in the diazotization step so as to minimize the competition with water for capture of the cationic intermediate Hydrogen sulfate anion (HS04 ) is less nucleophilic than chloride... 

Hafnium Acetate. Hafnium acetate [15978-87-7], Hf(OH)2(CH2COO)2, solutions are prepared by reacting the basic carbonate or freshly precipitated hydroxide with acetic acid. The acetate solution has been of interest in preparing oxide films free of chloride or sulfate anions. 

Ma.nufa.cture. The preferred method for making nickel sulfate is adding nickel powder to hot dilute sulfuric acid. Adding sulfuric acid to nickel powder in hot water enhances the formation of H2S. Hydrogen sulfide always forms as a by-product upon reaction of metallic nickel and sulfuric acid. The hberated hydrogen is absorbed by the metal and then reduces the sulfate anion to H2S. 

Fig. 12. Salt retention by coUoidal particles. The curved dashed and soHd lines represent the surface of a negatively charged siUca particle. Around this there is a layer of counter sodium cations outside there is a layer in which sulfate anions (Q) are more concentrated than in the bulk solution.

All lation. In alkylation, the dialkyl sulfates react much faster than do the alkyl haHdes, because the monoalkyl sulfate anion (ROSO ) is more effective as a leaving group than a haHde ion. The high rate is most apparent with small primary alkyl groups, eg, methyl and ethyl. Some leaving groups, such as the fluorinated sulfonate anion, eg, the triflate anion, CF SO, react even faster in ester form (4). Against phenoxide anion, the reaction rate is methyl triflate [333-27-7] dimethyl sulfate methyl toluenesulfonate [23373-38-8] (5). Dialkyl sulfates, as compared to alkyl chlorides, lack chloride ions in their products chloride corrodes and requires the use of a gas instead of a Hquid. The lower sulfates are much less expensive than lower bromides or iodides, and they also alkylate quickly. 

Figure 1 illustrates the complexity of the Cr(III) ion in aqueous solutions. The relative strength of anion displacement of H2O for a select group of species follows the order perchlorate < nitrate < chloride < sulfate < formate < acetate < glycolate < tartrate < citrate < oxalate (12). It is also possible for any anion of this series to displace the anion before it, ie, citrate can displace a coordinated tartrate or sulfate anion. These displacement reactions are kineticaHy slow, however, and several intermediate and combination species are possible before equiUbrium is obtained. 

With a chiral phenylglycinol nucleophile (Scheme 8.4.17), use of the chloride Zincke salt 6 (cf. Scheme 8.4.16) gave decomposition of the salt back to isoquinoline and 2,4-dinitrochlorobenzene. The desired reaction was enabled by exchanging chloride for the weakly nucleophilic dodecyl sulfate anion. The resulting salt 49 also had improved... 

This half-reaction occurs when the anion cannot be oxidized. Examples include nitrate and sulfate anions, where the nonmetal present is already in its highest oxidation state (+5 for N, +6 for S). 

In an electrochemical study of the behavior of the counterions in the mixed cation systems sodium and silver, sodium and calcium, and silver and calcium containing the dodecyl sulfate anion, Corkill and Goodman [102] determined the CMC of sodium, calcium, and silver dodecyl sulfates in water and in solutions of sodium and silver nitrate. 

The ionic associates of malachite green cation with dodecyl sulfate anion has been suggested for monitoring nonionic surfactant levels in industrial wastewaters by spectrophotometric determination at 650 nm [196]. 

Looking at the formula, we recognize the ammonium cation,, and the sulfate anion, SOq. ... 

Figure 9-30 Sulfuric acid Sulfate anion Sulfur dioxide Sulfur trioxide...

Several elements in row 3 of the periodic table form itt bonds to oxygen through side-by-side overlap of 3 cf and 2 p orbitals. An example is the sulfate anion, whose Lewis structure appears in Figure 10-48. The steric number... 

Selenosulfate is an analogue of thiosulfate wherein one of the S atoms is replaced by a Se atom. Thiosulfate and selenosulfate anions are known to have tetrahedral structure as constituting the S and Se analogues, respectively, of the sulfate anion. The isomeric thioselenate anion SSeO " is not produced by the reaction of sulfur with selenite nor is the selenoselenate ion 86203 formed from selenium and selenite. Actually, SSeOj may be produced as a metal salt by boiling an aqueous solution of selenite with sulfur, but in aqueous solution thioselenates are not stable and isomerize to selenosulfates. 

We recently prepared various types of differently fiuorinated alkyl sulfate ILs and discovered that the hydrophobicity was dependent on the content ratio of the fluorine on the alkyl sulfate anion and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafiuoropentyl sulfate salts showed hydrophobic properties. Melting point and viscosity were also dependent on the fluorine contents of the anionic part, while conductivity was determined by the cationic part and not influenced by the fluorine contents. Efficient lipase-catalyzed transesterificafion was demonstrated using hydrophobic 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafiuoropentyl sulfate ([bmim][C5E8]) as solvent (Eig. 6). ... 

Absorption of a light quantum leads to an electron-hole pair Eq. (19). The electron reacts with an adsorbed oxygen molecule Eq. (20), and the hole semi-oxidizes a sulfide anion at the surface Eq. (21). Further oxidation of the sulfide anion occurs by O and O2 Eq. (22). The number of Cd ions formed equals that of the sulfate anions The oxidation of illuminated CdS powders was investigated by measuring the consumption and by detecting the superoxide radical,, by an ESR spin trapping method... 

Ammonium persulfate Enzyme breaker Complexing materials fluoride, phosphate, sulfate anions [747,748,748,748,749,969] [753] [205]... 

A particulate gel breaker for acid fracturing for gels crosslinked with titanium or zirconium compounds is composed of complexing materials such as fluoride, phosphate, sulfate anions, and multicarboxylated compounds. The particles are coated with a water-insoluble resin coating, which reduces the rate of release of the breaker materials of the particles so that the viscosity of the gel is reduced at a retarded rate [205]. 

In this contribution, we present new results of a cychc voltanunetiy study of the influence of (CeHglads on Hypo and on anion adsorption at the Pt(l 11) electrode in aqueous HCIO4 and H2SO4, and relate them to analogous studies at Pt(110) and Pt(lOO) electrodes in aqueous H2SO4. Perchlorate anions are known to be less strongly adsorbed on Pt than bisulfate or sulfate anions thus, the cychc voltanunetiy behavior in the two electrolytes is expected to reveal important differences. 

C° total concentration of pyrosulfate and sulfate anions Cv concentration of biatomic vanadium complexes C3l concentration of S03 in the melt phase Cp specific heat (kcal/kg °C)... 

Si(Pc)0] (S04)o.09)n> i-s limited by the oxidative stability of the sulfate anion. Thermoelectric power, optical reflectivity, magnetic susceptibility, and four-probe electrical conductivity measurements evidence behavior typical of an [Si(PcP+)0]n compound where p 0.20. That is, there is no evidence that the more concentrated counterion charge has induced significant localization of the band structure. 

Another approach to get new liquid crystals is the lateral fluorination of the stilbazole ligands,337 which is a common and highly effective tool to exert control over mesomorphism, crystal phase stability, and physical properties. Other modifications include the use of more alkoxy substituents and other alkyl sulfate anions.338-344 Ionic silver amino complexes also display liquid crystalline behavior at rather low temperatures they are of the form [Ag(NH2 -CJl +OJX (X = N03, n = 6,8,10,12,14 X = BF4, = 8,10,12,14).345... 

The reaction is almost 10 times faster in sulfate media than in other anionic media, which may perhaps be due to preferential adsorption of sulfate anions at the electrode surface. It may be pointed out that the second step of the reaction is generally expected to be fast because of the speed with which the intermediate species formed is discharged at the electrode surface. This finds support in other studies carried out at different metal ion/metal(s) interfaces. 

---