Formulations emulsifiable concentrate

Methyl parathion may also be introduced into the air as a result of its volatilization from plant surfaces, and somewhat from soil, especially in the period just after application. Under simulated field conditions (20° C air velocity 1 meter/second relative air humidity 40-60%), an emulsifiable concentrate formulation of methyl parathion was applied to bare soil and bean plants. After 24 hours, the amounts of methyl parathion that had volatilized from bare soil and bean plants were 5 and 64% of the applied amount, respectively (Rudel 1997). 

Colorado potato beetle, diamond back moth, pear psylla, and Liriomyza leafminers can be achieved at extremely low application rates of MK-936 in the range of 0.005-0.03 lb per acre (5.5 - 33 g per hectare). For foliage applications a 0.15 EC (1.8% w/v) emulsifiable concentrate formulation has been developed. Field studies have shown that the formulation is non-phytotoxic to all target crops on which it has been evaluated including many varieties of sensitive ornamental plants. 

Prometon. Prometon was used in the United States for weed control on nonagricultural sites under the trade names Pramitol and Primatol . Offered as an 80 W or 25E (emulsifiable concentrate) formulation, Pramitol mixed readily with water and other herbicides. Alone, Pramitol controlled a wide variety of weeds and could be sprayed on soil before the application of asphalt to inhibit weed breakthrough in driveways or parking areas. A 5P (pelleted) formulation... 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of diazinon, diluted to field strength (0.5% a.i.) was used to contaminate 100% cotton fabric.7 A single hot-water wash (60°C) results in 1% diazinon remaining on the cotton fabric. When cotton is contaminated with the concentrated (full-strength) diazinon (47.5%), and washed in hot water, 4% pesticide residue remains. 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of diazinon, diluted to 1.0% a.i. was used to contaminate a 50/50 blend of cotton and polyester. A single warm-water wash (49°C) results in approximately 4% diazinon remaining however, if the fabric is pretreated with Spray n Wash (a prewash commercial soil and stain remover containing a blend of... 

Emulsifiable concentrate formulation of Triallate, diluted to field strength concentration (1.8% a.i.), was used to contaminate cotton twill fabric. The best laundry procedure is to pretreat the work clothing with a pre-wash commercial soil and stain remover containing a blend of surfactants and solvents, launder in hot water (60°C), and then launder a second time. Approximately 18% of the pesticide remains in the fabric using the above procedure after a single wash when no pretreatment and warm water (50°C) were used, as much as 48% of the Triallate remained. 

Emulsifiable concentrates leave little visible residue on plants. However, some plants are sensitive to the solvents and additives and damage (sometimes termed phytotoxicity) may occur. For this reason, an emulsifiable concentrate formulation may not be registered for a particular plant, even though wettable powder and dust formulations of the same active ingredient can be used. 

Effect of Concentration and Formulation. Moist CHECK soil (26.4% moisture, 30 g oven-dry weight) was treated with technical grade alachlor (prepared in acetone) or an emulsifiable concentrate formulation (Lasso 4EC, 45.1% a.i., prepared in water) to yield application rates of 10, 100, and 1000 ppm soil. Stock solutions of alachlor were prepared by mixing the appropropiate amount of either the technical grade or emulsifiable alachlor with 2.6 (XCi of uniformly ring-labelled 14C alachlor (Monsanto Co., specific activity=13.74 mg/mCi, radiochemical purity=95%). 

DNOC is used as its ammonium- or sodium salt, which are water-soluble. The salts are contact herbicides for the control of broad-leaved weeds in cereals, onion and garlic at rates of 3-5 kg active ingredient/ha. In emulsifiable concentrate formulation DNOC can be used for the preharvest desiccation of potatoes and leguminous seed crops (Worthing, 1979). 

Ioxynil and bromoxynil can be easily esterified with add chlorides ydth longer carbon atom chains. Thus, esterified with octanoyl chloride, ioxynil octanoate and bromoxynil octanoate are formed. These derivatives are readily soluble in xylene (SOO and 400 g/1 resp.), and are thus, suitable for the preparation of emulsifiable concentration formulations (Totril, 250 g ioxynil/1) and Brominal , 240 g active ingredient/1. In the plants the esters are degraded to the parent herbidde and exert their action in this form. 

MAJOR USES Insecticide herbicide fungicide free radical polymerization inhibitor used in emulsifiable concentrate formulations used in the dyestuff industry. 

Narayanan, K.S., R.K. Chaudhuri, Emulsifiable concentrate formulations for multiple active ingredients using N-alkylpyrrolidones, in L.E. Bode and D.G. Chasin (eds.). Pesticide Formulations and Application Systems, Vol. 11, ASTM STP 1112, American Society of Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA, 1972, pp. 73-96. 

Gupta, S., Sharma, K. K., and Handa, S. K. (1996). Fourier transform infrared spectroscopic determination of fenvalerate in emulsifiable concentrate formulation. J. AOACInt. 79 1260-1262. 

OPs are often applied as sprays. Commonly, the formulations used for spraying are emulsifiable concentrates, where the OP is dissolved in an organic liquid that acts as a carrier. OPs are also used as seed dressings and as components of dips used to protect livestock against ectoparasites. Some highly toxic OPs have been incorporated into granular formulations for application to soil or to certain crops. 

The formulation of aldrin and dieldrin can be readily accomplished in normal fashion no difficulty has been encountered in incorporating these materials into dusts, wet-table powders, or emulsifiable concentrates. 

Formulations of chlorpyrifos include emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, granules, pellets, microencapsulates, and impregnated materials. Suggested diluents for concentrates include water and petroleum distillates, such as kerosene and diesel oil. Carrier compounds include synthetic clays with alkyl/aryl sulfonates as wetting agents (Table 14.1). Little information is available to assess the influence of various use formulations on toxicity, dispersal, decomposition, and bioavailability. Chemical and other properties of chlorpyrifos are summarized in Table 14.2 and Figure 14.1. 

Formulations Emulsifiable concentrate, dust, granules, wettable powder... 

Arthur, F.H. 1994. Residual efficacy of cyfluthrin emulsifiable concentrate and wettable powder formulations applied to sealed and unsealed concrete. J. Stored Prod. Res. 30, 79-86. 

The granular treatment was applied on May 2nd, 1974 by spreading Treflan 5G commercial formulation from a conventional gravity fed spreader at a nominal rate of 0.7 kg/h of active ingredient. On May 8th, the emulsion-plot received 0.66 kg/h trifluralin as a spray of Treflan 4EC emulsifiable concentrate diluted with water according to commercial practice. (Note Mention of a proprietary product is for purposes of identification only and does not constitute endorsement by the U.S. Department of Agriculture over products of a similar nature not mentioned). 

An expert system has been written which helps the agricultural chemist develop formulations for new biologically active chemicals. The decision making process is segmented into two parts. The first is which type of formulation to use. The second is how to make a formulation of that tyrpe with the chemical of interest. The knowledge base currently contains rules to determine which formulation type to try and how to make an emulsifiable concentrate. The next phase will add rules on how to make other types of formulations. The program also interfaces to several FORTRAN programs which perform calculations such as solubilities. 

Agricultural (Ag) formulations that are commonly diluted and applied by means of spray equipment include water soluble liquids, emulsifiable concentrates, wettable powders, and flowable suspensions. The choice of which formulation to develop normally depends upon the solubility properties of the technical pesticide. Scientists often must also consider manufacturing costs, field efficacy and product toxicity. 

An emulsifiable concentrate is prepared from pesticides that are soluble in common organic solvents, such as xylene and kerosene. Using emulsifiers in the composition causes the formulation to disperse into small particles, called an emulsion, when diluted in water. 

There is suggestive evidence (-0.5) that the formulation t3 pe should not be emulsifiable concentrate... 

The system can help scientists reliably determine what type of formulation to make. However, the only branch of the decision tree which has rules is the emulsifiable concentrates (EC) branch. The system can determine which solvents to try to make an EC. Its decision relies heavily on rules and solubility calculations. Work is just beginning on the rules to determine which emulsifiers to use. 

Those degradation products which have been identified in our investigations are 1-naphthol from carbaryl, 2,4-D acid and 2,4-dichlorophenol from 2,4-D ester, 2-chloro-2, 6 -diethylacetanilide from alachlor, o,o,oe-trifluro-2-nitro-6-amino-N,N-dipropyl-p-tolu-idine and o,o,o-trifluro-2,6-diamino-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine from trifluralin, and a variety of phenols and acids from the degradation of the aromatic solvents used in the formulation of the liquid pesticides as emulsifiable concentrates (41,42). 

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