Emetics

KSb0(C4H406),iH2,0. Used medicinally as an emetic and is still injected in the treatment of kala-azar. 

Its hydrochloride is prepared by heating morphine with hydrochloric acid under pressure. It is a potent emetic. 

Potassium Antimonyl Tartrate (Tartar Emetic). C4H40 KSb0,... 

Tartaric acid is noteworthy for a) the excellent way in which the majority of its salts Crystallise, and h) the frequent occurrence of salts having mixed cations. Examples of the latter are sodium potassium tartrate (or Rochelle salt), C4H40 NaK, used for the preparation of Fehling s solution (p. 525), sodium ammonium tartrate, C4H OaNaNH4, used by Pasteur for his early optical resolution experiments, and potassium antimonyl tartrate (or Tartar Emetic), C4H404K(Sb0). The latter is prepared by boiling a solution of potassium hydrogen tartrate (or cream of tartar ) with antimony trioxide,... 

Tartar emetic, as its name indicates, can be used medicinally to cause vomiting. For the preparation of tartar emetic intended for medicinal use, pure antimony trioxide, free (in particular) from traces of arsenic, must of course be employed. 

This is a simplified formula for tartar emetic, for X-ray crystal analysis and infrared studies indicate that the. Sb is a part of the antimonate anion [Sb(OH)4] and forms part of a cyclic system. 

Acids including oxalic acid). Dilute by drinking much water, followed by lime water or milk of magnesia. Milk may then be given but no emetics. 

Isolates from Indian tobacco Q obelia inflata L.), as a cmde mixture of bases, have been recognized as expectorants. The same (or similar) fractions were also used both in the treatment of asthma and as emetics. The principal alkaloid in T. inflata is lobeline (49), an optically active tertiary amine which, unusual among alkaloids, is reported to readily undergo mutarotation, a process normally associated with sugars. Interestingly, it appears that the aryl-bearing side chains in (49) are derived from phenylalanine (25, R = H) (40). 

Lycorine (69) was recognized as a potent emetic and a moderately toxic base from the time of its initial isolation from Narcissus pseudonarcissus E. (in about 1877) (48). Since that time its isolation from many other AmaryUidaceae, for example, Lpcom radiate Herb., has served to estabUsh it as the most cosmopohtan alkaloid of the family. TypicaUy, as much as 1% of the dry weight of daffodil bulbs may consist of lycorine (69), which has been reported to... 

For the production of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate [28300-74-5]), potassium bitartrate [868-14 ] and antimony oxide, Sb202, are added simultaneously to water in a stainless-steel reactor. The reaction mixture is diluted, filtered, and collected in jacketed granulators where crystallization takes place after cooling. Centrihiging, washing, and drying complete the process. 

Pha.rma.ceutica.ls. Tartaric acid is used ia the manufacture of fine dmg salts, as ia effervescent salts. Tartar emetic [28300-74-5] is used ia small doses as an expectorant ia cough symps. It can be used to treat infections caused by Schistosomajaponium. 

Tartar emetic was the subject of controversy for many years, and a variety of iacorrect stmctures were proposed. In 1966, x-ray crystallography showed that tartar emetic contains two antimony(III) atoms bridged by two tetranegative D-tartrate residues acting as double bidentate ligands to form dipotassium bis[D-p.-(2,3-dihydroxybutanedioato)]diantimonate [28300-74-5] (41). 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Antimony potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) has the advantage of being low in cost. It has been called the dmg of choice for Schistosoma japonicum infection (204) even though it fails to cure the disease in many patients. However, trivalent antimonials are no longer recommended for the treatment of helminthic infections because these compounds have an unacceptable toxicity and are too difficult to administer (205). 

Antimony compounds have been used to treat leishmaniasis ever since tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) was discovered early in the 20th century to have efficacy against the mucocutaneous form of the disease. The cutaneous form has been treated with tartar emetic formulated in an ointment. Many side effects have been seen with this trivalent antimonial, some of which can be ascribed to the difficulty of obtaining pure antimony for its manufacture. These side effects include toxicity to the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Other promising trivalent antimonials have been abandoned in favor of pentavalent antimonials with lower toxicity. 

Humans tolerate fairly large oral doses of copper without harmful effects, and it is used in various therapies (66). Copper sulfate is a powerful emetic and has been used clinically in the treatment of intoxications. 

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