Narcissus pseudonarcissus

Lycorine (69) was recognized as a potent emetic and a moderately toxic base from the time of its initial isolation from Narcissus pseudonarcissus E. (in about 1877) (48). Since that time its isolation from many other AmaryUidaceae, for example, Lpcom radiate Herb., has served to estabUsh it as the most cosmopohtan alkaloid of the family. TypicaUy, as much as 1% of the dry weight of daffodil bulbs may consist of lycorine (69), which has been reported to... 

In 1956, the alkaloid Methylpseudolycorine (101) isolated from the King Alfred daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus L.) was oxidized to the pale yellow chloride with selenium dioxide (Scheme 36). Conversion into the betaine was accomplished by aqueous ammonia to give yellow prisms of the trihydrate of Criasbetaine (100) (56JA4145, 56JA4151). The UV absorption... 

Oxidation of Pluviine (276), isolated from Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Narcissus incomparabilis, and Lycoris radiata Herb., with benzophenone and potassium rerr-butylate yielded a red phenol-betaine 277 from which one neutral covalent form can be drawn (Scheme 90). The betaine has absorption maxima Imax (loge) in a buffer at pH 10 at 240 (4.49), 325 (4.46), 360 (3.58), 380 (3.27), and 490 (3.26) nm. In dilute HCl, a salt is formed [lmax = 260 (4.57), 295 (4.39), 340 (3.76), 355 (3.84), 400 (3.62) nm] (57CB363). The oxidation of the alkaloid Caranine gives a similar betaine, the 1,3-dioxolo derivative 278 (56CIL348). 

AL-BABiLi s, VON LiNTiG J, HAUBRUCK H and BEYER p (1996) A novel, soluble form of phytoene desaturase from Narcissus pseudonarcissus chromoplasts is Hsp70-complexed and competent for flavinylation, membrane association and enzymatic activation . Plant J,9, 601-12. 

MORSTADT L, GRABER P, DE PASCALIS L, KLEINIG H, SPETH V and BEYER P (2002) Chemiosmotic ATP synthesis in photo synthetically inactive chromoplasts from Narcissus pseudonarcissus L. linked to a redox pathway potentially also involved in carotene desaturation , Planta, 215, 132-40. 

SCHLEDZ M, AL-BABILI S, VON LINTIG J, HAUBRUCK H, RABBANI S, KLEINIG H and BEYER P (1996) Phytoene synthase fcom Narcissus pseudonarcissus functional expression, galactolipid requirement, topological distribution in chromoplasts and induction during flowering . Plant J, 10, 781-92. 

Bonk, M. et al.. Purification and characterization of chaperonin 60 and heat-shock protein 70 from chromoplast of Narcissus pseudonarcissus involvement of heat-shock protein 70 in a soluble protein complex containing phytoene desaturase. Plant Physiol. Ill, 931, 1996. 

Beyer, R, Croncke, U., and Nievelstein, V., Biochemical aspects of carotene desaturation and cyclization in chromoplasts membranes from Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Pure Appl. Chem. 66, 1047, 1994. 

Burkhardt, RK. et al.. Transgenic rice (Oryza sativa) endosperm expressing daffodil (Narcissus pseudonarcissus) phytoene synthase accumulates phytoene, a key intermediate of provitamin A biosynthesis. Plant J. 11, 1071, 1997. 

Extracted from the bulbs of the daffodil, Narcissus pseudonarcissus Patient/Family Education... 

Kreh, M., R. Matusch, and L. Witte. 1995. Acetylated alkaloids from Narcissus pseudonarcissus. Phytochemistry 40 1303-1306. 

Forty-five samples representing 35 species were tested nine had been known to contain alkaloids Amaryllis belladonna, Ammo-charis coranica, Crinum asiaticum, C. giganleum, Haemanthus mul-liflorus, Hippeaslrum villatum, Lycoris radiata, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Sprekelia formosissima. 

A number of mannose-specific agglutinines (lectins) from Galanthus nivalis, Hippeastrum hybrid, Narcissus pseudonarcissus, Listera ovata, Cymbidium hybrid, Epipactis helleborine, and the N-acetylglucosamine-specific lectin from Urtica dioica have been found to inhibit HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection at similar concentrations as dextran sulfate (IC50 0.2 to 0.6 fig/ml), or even lower (IC50 0.04 to 0.08 pg/ml. Akin to sulfated polysaccharides, the plant lectins also exhibit activity against various enveloped viruses other than HIV, i.e., HSV-1, HSV-2, CMV, RSV, and influenza virus. Plant lectins would primarily interfere with the virus-cell fusion process. Their precise mode of action remains to be resolved. 

The following Narcissus plants contain the lactams narciclasine and lyeoricidine, Narcissus pseudonarcissus L., King Alfred, Flower Carpet, Rembrandt, Mount Hood, President Lebrun, Golden Harvest. 

Methods of isolation of galantamine from Narcissus pseudonarcissus bulbs 1. 10 kg air-dried, comminuted bulbs of Narcissus pseudonarcissus "Carlton"... 

Narcissus lectin (agglutinin) Narcissus pseudonarcissus ce-O-Mannoside... 

Arnica montana Colchicum autumnale Gossypium herbaceum Narcissus pseudonarcissus Lobelia inflata... 

Daffodil Narcissus pseudonarcissus CNS depression, miotic, coma, salivation, vomiting, death... 

The poisonous and medicinal properties of certain species of the family Amaryllidaceae prompted many investigators in the luneteenth century to seek for active compounds from this family. The investigation of Narcissus pseudonarcissus in 1877 led to the isolation of lycorine 1 as the first alkaloid from this family (5). Since then, more than 300 such alkaloids have been reported. They are present in the species of almost all of the genera of the family Amaryllidaceae. More than 150 were isolated during the last two decades. 

This alkaloid has been isolated from the bulbs of I/ycoris radiata (87) and from several garden varieties of Narcissus pseudonarcissus and N. incomparabilis (90, 90a). The base, C17H21NOJ, contains one reducible double bond, one hydroxyl, and two methoxyls. 

The biological conversion of cinnamic acid via hydroxylated cinnamic acids into the Ce-C, unit of norpluviine (12) has been used in a study of hydroxylation mechanisms in higher plants (117). When [3-3H, 3-1 ] cinnamic acid was fed to Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. Texas a tritium retention in norpluviine (12) of 28% was observed. This is very near a predicted value of 25%, resulting from para-hydroxylation with... 

Regarding the conversion of [2(3- H, 8-OMe- C]pluviine (11) into galanthine (7), in Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. King Alfred, the retention of 79% of the tritium label confirms that hydroxylation of C-2 may occur with inversion of configuration (62). 

Although norbelladine (85) was shown not to be a precursor of galanthamine (70) in Narcissus pseudonarcissus cv. King Alfred, an incorporation of this labelled compound has been obtained in Leucojum aestivum (128). 

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