Antimony emetic

The complex of tartaric acid and antimony (emetic) was described three centuries ago. Nevertheless, the structure of this compound has been elucidated these last fifteen years by X-ray diffraction ( 1 ). In fact, emetic presents a binuclear cyclic structure. Many authors mentioned similar complex with transition metals (vanadium (2), chromium (3)) or metalloids (arsenic (4), bismuth (5)). Emetic with phosphorus was not mentioned. Nevertheless, tartaric acid or alkyl tartrates has been utilized in phosphorus chemistry tartaric acid reacts with trialkyl phosphites giving heterocyclic phosphites (6). Starting from alkyl tartrates, we prepared spirophosphoranes with a P-H bond and sixco-ordinated compounds (7). With unprotected tartaric acid, many possibilities appear condensation as a diol, as a di(oc-hydro-xyacid), or even as a 8-hydroxyacid. 

By varying the proportions of nitrate of potash and sulphide of antimony, one is able to obtain different strengths of the resulting compounds, known as mild antimonial emetic of Boerhaave, crocus antimonii, crocus metallorum, or hepar antimonii, crocus antimonii mitrior, and crocus antimonii medicinalis. ... 

Tartaric acid is noteworthy for a) the excellent way in which the majority of its salts Crystallise, and h) the frequent occurrence of salts having mixed cations. Examples of the latter are sodium potassium tartrate (or Rochelle salt), C4H40 NaK, used for the preparation of Fehling s solution (p. 525), sodium ammonium tartrate, C4H OaNaNH4, used by Pasteur for his early optical resolution experiments, and potassium antimonyl tartrate (or Tartar Emetic), C4H404K(Sb0). The latter is prepared by boiling a solution of potassium hydrogen tartrate (or cream of tartar ) with antimony trioxide,... 

Tartar emetic, as its name indicates, can be used medicinally to cause vomiting. For the preparation of tartar emetic intended for medicinal use, pure antimony trioxide, free (in particular) from traces of arsenic, must of course be employed. 

For the production of tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate [28300-74-5]), potassium bitartrate [868-14 ] and antimony oxide, Sb202, are added simultaneously to water in a stainless-steel reactor. The reaction mixture is diluted, filtered, and collected in jacketed granulators where crystallization takes place after cooling. Centrihiging, washing, and drying complete the process. 

Tartar emetic was the subject of controversy for many years, and a variety of iacorrect stmctures were proposed. In 1966, x-ray crystallography showed that tartar emetic contains two antimony(III) atoms bridged by two tetranegative D-tartrate residues acting as double bidentate ligands to form dipotassium bis[D-p.-(2,3-dihydroxybutanedioato)]diantimonate [28300-74-5] (41). 

In 1912, however, (201) it was discovered that espundia (American mucocutaneous leishmaniasis) can be cured by tartar emetic. It was soon learned that kala-a2ar (visceral leishmaniasis) and oriental sore (a cutaneous form of the disease occurring in the Middle East) also respond to antimonial therapy, especially when compounds of pentavalent antimony are employed. Treatment of leishmaniasis with the latter type of antimonials is safe and effective in over 90% of the cases (202). In 1918, it was demonstrated that tartar emetic is of value in the treatment of schistosomiasis (203). Pentavalent antimonials proved to be less effective. The introduction of antimony compounds for the treatment of parasitic diseases is undoubtedly one of the important milestones in the history of therapeutics (see Antiparasitic agents). 

Antimony potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) has the advantage of being low in cost. It has been called the dmg of choice for Schistosoma japonicum infection (204) even though it fails to cure the disease in many patients. However, trivalent antimonials are no longer recommended for the treatment of helminthic infections because these compounds have an unacceptable toxicity and are too difficult to administer (205). 

Antimony compounds have been used to treat leishmaniasis ever since tartar emetic (antimony potassium tartrate) was discovered early in the 20th century to have efficacy against the mucocutaneous form of the disease. The cutaneous form has been treated with tartar emetic formulated in an ointment. Many side effects have been seen with this trivalent antimonial, some of which can be ascribed to the difficulty of obtaining pure antimony for its manufacture. These side effects include toxicity to the heart, Hver, and kidneys. Other promising trivalent antimonials have been abandoned in favor of pentavalent antimonials with lower toxicity. 

Brechungs-ebene, /. (Optica) plane of refraction. -exponent, m. refractive index, -ge-setz, n. law of refraction. -Index, m. refractive index, -k effizient, m. coefficient of refraction. -kraft, /. refractive power, -messer, m. refractometer. -verhaltnis, n. refractive index, -vermfigen, n. refractive power, -winkel, m, angle of refraction, Brech-walzwerk, n. crushing rolls (or rollers), crushing mill. >weln, m. (Pharm.) wine of antimony, antimonial wine, -weiustein, m. tartar emetic, -werk, n. crusher, -wurzel, -wurz,/. ipecacuanha, ipecac. 

AntimonyCIII) phosphate, 3 65 Antimony potassium tartrate (tartar emetic), 3 66 Antimony red, 3 44 Antimony selenide, 3 57 Antimony sesquioxide. See Antimony trioxide... 

Antimony was known in the days of alchemy (500 BCE to 1600 ce) when it was associated with other metals and minerals such as arsenic, sulfides, and lead used as medications. It is possible that an alchemist, Basilus Valentinus (fi. 1450), knew about antimony and some of its minerals and compounds sometime around the mid-fifteenth century ce. Physicians of this period—and earlier periods—used elements such as mercury and antimony to cure diseases, although they knew that these elements were toxic in larger doses. Antimony was used to treat depression, as a laxative, and as an emetic for over two thousand years. Despite the elements poisonous nature, physicians of that early era considered both mercury and antimony good medicines. 

Antimony trioxide occurs in nature as minerals, valentinite [1317-98-2] and senarmontinite [12412-52-1]. It is used as a flame retardant in fabrics as an opacifier in ceramics, glass and vitreous enamels as a catalyst as a white pigment in paints as a mortar in the manufacture of tartar emetic and in the production of metallic antimony. 

It is oxidized to antimony pentoxide, 86205 on treatment with nitric acid and forms potassium antimony tartrate (tartar emetic, KSb(OH)2 C4H2O6) when heated with acid potassium tartrate. 

Since 1960, it has been demonstrated by various analytical procedures that high concentrations of arsenic were present in Napoleon s hair.88 Multi-element analysis of two specimens of Napoleon s hair by ICP-MS after mineralization in concentrated nitric acid resulted in arsenic concentrations (42.1 and 37.4(xgg-1) about 40 times higher than normal values, confirming the hypothesis of a significant exposure to arsenic. However, mercury (3.3. and 4.7(xgg 1), antimony (2.1 and 1.8(xgg 1) and lead (229 and 112p,gg-1) were also detected at elevated levels. The elevated concentrations of Sb and Hg are in agreement with the data already known about the therapeutic treatments given to Napoleon (calomel and tartar emetic are compounds of mercury and antimony, respectively).88... 

G. Taddei7 prepared potassium iodide by adding a dil. soln. of potassium monosulphide to an alcoholic soln. of iodine. In place pf potassium sulphide, J. von Liebig and C. Wittstock used barium sulphide, prepared by calcining sulphate with coke. According to R. Schindler, the products obtained by the sulphide process are contaminated with sulphur compounds. G. S. Serullas treated potassium antimoniate (prepared by calcining tartar emetic) with an alcoholic soln. of iodine as long as the soln. was decolorized. The filtered soln. was evaporated to the point of crystallization. 

Potasso-tartrate of Antimony—KO, SbO, C8 H4 Ojg, IIO—is extensively used in medicine under the name of tartar emetic. Throe parts of oxide of antimony arc made into a thin paste with water, and. mixed with. four parts of bitartrate of potassa., The. mixture is digestad for several hours, and then boiled with eight parts of water. The boiling-hot solution is filtered and allowed to crystallize. Transpareat or opaque, colorless, shining rhombic octahedra, of metallic taste. It is soluble in fifteen parts of cold aud two of boiling water. In small doses. it is an emetic in larger doses it is a poison., ... 

Of the heavy metals, iron is the only one which pre- cip States antimony completely from the aqueous solution of tartar emetics. - Hydrochloric, nitric, and sulphuric acids precipitate a basic hydrochloyata, nitrate, and sulphate of the oxide of antimony, - ... 

Espundia -tartar emetic m treatment of [ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS] (Vol 3)... 

Mordant - [ALUMINUMCOMPOUNDS - ALUMNUM SULFATE AND ALUMS] (Vol 2) - [ALUMDIUMCOMPOUNDS - ALUMINUM SULFATE AND ALUMS] (Vol 2) - [AMMONIUMCOMPOUNDS] (Vol2) - [PHOSPHORIC ACID AND PHOSPHATES] (Vol 18) -arsenic compounds as [ARSENIC COMPOUNDS] (Vol 3) -copper compounds as [COPPER COMPOUNDS] (Vol 7) -magnesium sulfate as [MAGNESIUM COMPOUNDS] (Vol 15) -tartar emetic as [ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS] (Vol 3)... 

Schistosomiasis - [ANTIPARASITICAGENTS - ANTHELMINTICS] (Vol 3) - [COPPER] (Vol 7) - [MEMORY-ENHANCINGDRUGS] (Vol 16) -developing vaccines for [VACCINE TECHNOLOGY] (Vol 24) -pesticide control of [PESTICIDES] (Vol 18) -tartar emetic m treatment of [ANTIMONY COMPOUNDS] (Vol 3) -treatment of [ANTIBIOTICS - NUCLEOSIDES AND NUCLEOTIDES] (Vol 3)... 

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