Schistosoma japonicum, infection

Antimony potassium tartrate (tartar emetic) has the advantage of being low in cost. It has been called the dmg of choice for Schistosoma japonicum infection (204) even though it fails to cure the disease in many patients. However, trivalent antimonials are no longer recommended for the treatment of helminthic infections because these compounds have an unacceptable toxicity and are too difficult to administer (205). 

Schistosoma haematobium (infection with) Schistosoma japonicum (infection with)... 

Santos, A.T., Bias, B.L., Nosenas, J.S., Portillo, G.P., Ortega, O.M., Hayashi, M. and Boehme, K. (1979) Preliminary clinical trials with praziquantel in Schistosoma japonicum infections in the Philippines. Bulletin of the World Health Organisation 57, 793-799. 

Zhang, Y., Taylor, M.G., Johansen, M.V. and Bickle, Q.D. (2001 a) Vaccination of mice with a cocktail DNA vaccine induces aTh1-type immune response and partial protection against Schistosoma japonicum infection. Vaccine 20, 724-730. 

Zhang, R., Yoshida, A., Kumagai, T., Kawaguchi, H., Maruyama, H., Suzuki, T., Itoh, M., El-Malky, M. and Ohta, N. (2001b) Vaccination with calpain induces a Thl-biased protective immune response against Schistosoma japonicum. Infection and Immunity 69, 386-391. 

Yuesheng, L., Rabello, A.L.T., Simpson, A.J.G. and Katz, N. (1994) The serological differentiation of acute and chronic Schistosoma japonicum infection by ELISA using keyhole limpet haemocyanin as antigen. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 88, 249-251. 

Ishizaki T, Kamo E, Boehme K. Double-bhnd studies of tolerance to praziquantel in Japanese patients with Schistosoma japonicum infections. Bull World Health Organ 1979 57(5) 787-91. 

Three primary trematode species cause schistosomiasis in humans Schistosoma hematobium, Schistosoma mansoni, and Schistosoma japonicum. Infections result from the penetration of normal skin by living (free-swimming) cercaria (the name given to the infectious stage of the parasite) with the aid of secreted enzymes. The cercaria develop to preadult forms in the lungs and skin. Then, these parasites travel in pairs via the bloodstream and invade various tissues. 

Pesigan TP, Banzon TC, Santos AT, Nosenas J, Zabala RG. Pararosaniline pamoate (CI-403-A) in the treatment of Schistosoma japonicum infection in the Philippines. Bull World Health Organ 1967 36(2) 263-74. 

Nyame, A.K., Debose-Boyd, R., Fong, T.D., Tsang, V.C.W. and Cummings, R.D. (1998) Expression of Eex antigen in Schistosoma japonicum and S. haematobium and immune responses to Eex in infected animals lack of Lex expression in other trematodes and nematodes. Glycobiology 8, 615-624. 

Metrifonate is a safe, low-cost alternative drug for the treatment of Schistosoma haematobium infections. It is not active against S mansoni or S japonicum. It is not available in the USA. 

Chiu, J.K. (1967) Susceptibility of Oncomelania hupensis chiui to infection with Schistosoma japonicum. Malacologia 6, 145-153. 

Cheever, A.W., Poindexter, R.W. and Wynn, T.A. (1 999) Egg laying is delayed but worm fecundity is normal in SCID mice infected with Schistosoma japonicum and 5. mansoni with or without recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha treatment. Infection and Immunity 67, 2201-2208. 

Although half a dozen species have been found to infect humans, the three most important species are Schistosoma mansoni, Schistosoma japonicum and Schistosoma haematobium. The first two species are the agents of intestinal schistosomiasis, where eggs are passed in the faeces, and the third species causes urinary schistosomiasis. 

Kalinna, B.H., Becker, M.M. and McManus, D.P. (1997) Engineering and expression of a full-length cDNA encoding Schistosoma japonicum paramyosin. Purification of the recombinant protein and its recognition by infected patient sera. Acta Tropica 65, 111-115. 

Mitchell, G.F., Cruise, K.M., Garcia, E.G. and Tiu, W.U. (1984) Anti-worm antibody specificities in 129/j mice resistant to infection with Schistosoma japonicum. journal of Parasitology 70, 983-985. 

Sadun, E.H. and Lin, S.S. (1959) Studies on the host-parasite relationships to Schistosoma japonicum. IV. Resistance acquired by infection, by vaccination and by the injection of immune serum, in monkeys, rabbits and mice. Journal of Parasitology 45, 543-548. 

Zhu, Y., Ren, J., Harn, D.A., Si, J., Yu, C., Ming, X. and Liang, Y. (2003) Protective immunity induced with 23 kDa membrane protein DNA vaccine of Schistosoma japonicum Chinese strain in infected C57BL/6 mice. Southeast Asian journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health 34, 697-701. 

Asahi, H., Moribayashi, A., Sendo, F. and Kobayakawa, T. (1984) Hemolytic factors in Schistosoma japonicum eggs. Infection and Immunity 46, 514-518. 

Xiao, S. H. Yang, Y. Q. Zhang, C. W. You, J. Q. Microscopic observations on livers of rabbits and dogs infected with Schistosoma japonicum cercariae and early treatment with artemether or praziquantel. Acta Pharmacol. Sin., 1996, 17 167-170. 

Hexachloroparaxylene has been used in China and Russia as an antihelminthic drug, principally to treat the liver fluke infections (clonorchiasis due to Clonorchis sinensis, schistosomiasis due to Schistosoma japonicum, and opisthorchiasis due to Opisthorchiidae (1,2). However, other treatments are preferred. It is also used very extensively in the veterinary field in Russia. 

The role of Schistosoma japonicum in cancer occnrrence is less clear, although this parasite has been associated with both liver and colorectal cancer. Some epidemiological and clinical stndies in China and Japan snpport its role as one of the risk factors in HCC formation. Experimental stndies have shown that liver cancer appears early in experimentally S. japonicum infected animals (Khurana et al. 2005). 

Different species of Schistosoma such as 5. mansoni, S. japonicum and 5. haematobium infect the human host (Hoffmann and Dunne, 2003). The adult stage of Schistosoma is adapted to life in human blood vessels, being capable of surviving for years in the host despite a significant immune response (Pearce and MacDonald, 2002). The ability of Schistosoma to foil host defences depends on a series of... 

The schistosomes are unusual trematodes in that they are dioecious, meaning the sexes are separate. They reside in the blood vessels of the definitive host, and there are no second intermediate hosts in their life cycles. There are a number of species of schistosomes that can infect humans, but most human infections are caused by one of the three following species Schistosoma mansoni, S. haematobium, and S. japonicum. Schistosomiasis is distributed throughout almost all of Africa, parts of Southeast Asia, parts of northwest South America, and some islands in the Caribbean Sea. It is estimated that approximately 200 million people are infected with schistosomes, resulting in 1 million deaths each year. 

Praziquantel (three doses of 20 mg/kg as 1-day treatment only) is indicated in the treatment of infections due to Schistosoma mekongi, S. japonicum, S. mansoni, and S. hematobium and for infections due to liver flukes, Clonorchis sinensis Opisthorchis viverrini. 

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