Chick embryos

Hall, B. K. Histochemical aspects of the differentiation of adventitious cartilage on the membrane bones of the embryo chick. Histochemie 16, 206—220 (1968). 

Eggs contain the complete food supply for the embryo chick and consequently are rich in essential nutrients. Since they contain very little carbohydrate they cannot be considered as a complete food for humans. The white of eggs consists almost entirely of protein with ovalbumin constituting 70% of the total. The yolk contains the phosphoprotein vitellin and 21-33% of fat including phospholipids and cholesterol. 

Semliki Forest arborvirus was grown in chick embryo tissue culture. The infectious tissue culture liquid was decanted and diluted with medium 199 to give a preparation containing between 10 and 10 mouse IDso virus/ml. 

Dan B, Medda JN. 1990. Teratogenic studies of methyl parathion on chick embryos. In , ed. Impacts of environment on animals and aquaculture. Kalyani, West Bengal University of Kalyani, 241-245. 

Ghosh C, Bandyopadhyay S, Medda JN. 1998. Protective role of thyroxine in methyl parathion intoxicated chick embryos. Drug Chem Toxicol 21 495-506. 

Kumar KBS, Devi KS. 1992. Teratogenic effects of methyl parathion in developing chick embryos. Vet Flum Toxicol 34 408-410. 

Nagata, K., Saga, S. Yamada, K.M. (1986). A major collagen-binding protein of chick embryo fibroblasts is a novel heat shock protein. Journal of Cell Biology, 103, 223-9. 

Gilbertson, M., Kubiak, T., and Ludwig, J. et al. (1991). Great-Lakes embryo mortality, edema, and deformities syndrome (glemeds) in colonial fish-eating birds—similarity to chick-edema disease. Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 33,455-520. 

TCDD is much more toxic than the other chlorodibenzodioxins studied the LD.50 ranged from 0.6 ixg/kg in male guinea pigs to 115 ftg/kg in rabbits. Dogs appear to be less sensitive than rabbits. Others have reported 100% mortality in rabbits treated with 10 / g/kg (10) and chick embryos treated with 0.05 yg/egg (4). 

Both 2,3,7,8-TCDD and HCDD give positive results in check edema bioassays (Table V). This HCDD result is consistent with a previous report that the HCDD isolated from pentachlorophenol produced chick edema (4). These same authors reported that 2,3,7,8-TCDD was extremely toxic in the chick embryo assay but did not report that it produced chick edema. 

Industrial workers involved in chlorinated aromatic production including chlorophenol suffered dioxin-induced chloracne 2,3). Chloracne and other serious health disturbances have been attributed to polychloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins in workers involved in manufacturing 2,4,5-T 4, 5). Dioxins are toxic to chick embryos, guinea pigs, rabbits, and monkeys 6, 7, 8, 9, 10). 

Although the initially reported tissue compatibility tests for subcutaneous implants of poly(BPA-iminocarbonate) were encouraging (41,42), it is doubtful whether this polymer will pass more stringent biocompatibility tests. In correspondence with the properties of most synthetic phenols, BPA is a known irritant and most recent results indicate that BPA is cytotoxic toward chick embryo fibroblasts in vitro (43). Thus, initial results indicate that poly(BPA-iminocarbonate) is a polymer with highly promising material properties, whose ultimate applicability as a biomaterial is questionable due to the possible toxicity of its monomeric building blocks. 

Initially, the cytotoxicity against chick embryo fibroblasts of BPA, tyrosine, tyrosine dipeptide, and the dipeptide derivatives used in the synthesis of the polymers shown in Fig. 7 were evaluated in a comparative experiment (43). The surface of standard tissue culture wells was coated with 5 mg of each test substance. Then the adhesion and proliferation of the fibroblasts was followed over a 7-day period. Among all test substances, BPA was clearly the most cytotoxic material. Monomeric tyrosine derivatives containing the ben-zyloxycarbonyl group were also cytotoxic, while tyrosine itself, tyrosine dipeptide, and most of the protected dipeptide derivatives did not noticeably interfere with cell growth and adhesion and were therefore classified on a preliminary basis as possibly "nontoxic."... 

The incorporation and metabolism of 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-[ H]glucose and -D-[ H]mannose in yeast and chick-embryo cells has been studied. 2-Deoxy-2-fluoro-D-glucose, 2-deoxy-2-fluoro-D-mannose, and their GDP and UDP derivatives were found to interfere with protein (involving that of... 

Measles Chick embryo cell cultures infected with attenuated measles virus 1 Clarification 2 Freeze-drying Infectivity titration in cell cultures Tests to exclude presence of extraneous viruses... 

Loeber CP, Hendrix MJC, DePinos SD, et al. 1988. Trichloroethylene A cardiac teratogen in developing chick embryos. Pediatr Res 24 740-744. 

Gilbertson M, Kubiak TJ, Ludwig JP, Fox G. 1991. Great Lakes Embryo Mortahty, Edema and Deformity Syndrome (GLEMEDS) in colonial fish-eating birds similarity to chick edema disease. J Toxicol Environ Health 33 455-520. 

Asmatullah, A., Qureshi, S.N., and Shakoori, A.R., Hexavalent chromium induced congenital abnormalities in chick embryos, Journal of Applied Toxicology, 18 (3), 167-171, 1998. 

Srivastava L, Tandon SK. 1984. Effects of zinc on lead-induced changes in brain lysosomal enzymes in the chick embryo. Toxicol Lett 20 111-114. 

On the other hand, the cells which Caspar Friedrich Wolff (1738- 1794) all but discovered in the chick embryo were rejected by determinists as lacking qualities required of monads.1 Following the early Eighteenth century ... 

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