Chick embryos observation

Knratani, S., Tanaka, S., Ishikawa, Y., andZnkeran, C. (1988) Early development of the hypoglossal nerve in the chick embryo as observed by whole-mount nerve staining method. Am. J. Anal. 182,155-168. 

Chick embryos exposed to rhodium on the eighth day of incubation were stunted mild reduction of limb size and feather growth inhibition were also observed. A number of rhodium compounds have tested positive in bacterial assays for genetic altering capability. The 2003 ACGIH threshold limit valuetime-weighted averages (TLV-TWAs) are 1.0 mg/m for the metal, l.Omg/m as Rh, insoluble compounds, and 0.01 mg/m as Rh, soluble compounds. 

From observations with the electron microscope, it was suggested that sulfation of the carbohydrate moieties occurs on the endoplasmic reticulum or in the Golgi apparatus.359,360 The finding of sulfotrans-ferase (E.C. 2.8.2) activity in microsomal fractions from both chick-embryo epiphyses350 and mouse, mast-cell tumor361 may be supporting evidence. 

Cerulenin inhibits formation of polyisoprenol, probably by uncom-petitively inhibiting HMG-CoA synthetase.250 It strongly inhibited production of Rous-sarcoma virus by infected, chick-embryo cells, but an effect on the viral glycoproteins was not observed.251 Other effects of cerulenin, such as its inhibition of fatty acid synthesis, may have caused inhibition of virus production. The inhibition, by cerulenin, of secretion of proteins by bacilli has been noted for some time, but no satisfactory explanation has as yet been offered (see Ref. 252, and ref-... 

Calcium transfer observed in chick embryo may also be controlled by a similar mechanism since the newly hatched chick has six times the amount of calcium initially present in the egg yolk. In this case the egg shell is the bound Ca2+ pool. It is not clear to what extent calcium-activated ATPase or a calcium-binding protein carrier is involved in active transcellular transport of calcium277,278. ... 

There is evidence that free hydroxyproline can be incorporated into collagen to some extent. Thus, Mitoma (26) found that free hydroxyproline was incorporated into chick embryo collagen at about 10% of the rate observed with proline. The scheme given above indicates a pathway by which there may be a relatively slow influx of hydroxyproline into the hydroxyproline intermediate. Similarly, the breakdown of this intermediate might be responsible for the formation of free hydroxyproline observed in some tissues and possibly also that found in urine. 

Finkelstein RA. 1964. Observations on mode of action of endotoxin in chick embryos. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 115 702-7... 

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