Paper, electronic

Fig. 14.6). A key is that in many cases solution processing can lead to new structures that are difficult or impossible to attain by other means. This can include, for example, nanofiber arrays, core-shell structures, nanopods, and nanoribbons.30 32 These structures can lead to a variety of new functionalities—from 3D prototyping, to third-generation PV structures, to electronic paper, to a new class of non linear optics, to the ability to order nanostructures at very small length scales and maybe even to the holy grail of the energy field, artificial photosynthesis. Below we briefly discuss how some of these concepts are beginning to be realized.

Figure 14.10. Examples of flexible electronic paper are shown with a Polymer Vision flexible map on the left and an E-Ink-based Sony Digital Book on the right. 

Kitamura,T. 2006. Electronic paper for human communication and environmental protection. Oyo Butsuri 75 995-999. 

Omodani, M. 2003. Trends of the study and development of electronic paper. 

Rogers, J. A. Baldwin, K. Bao, Z. Dodabalapur, A. Raju, V. R. Ewing, J. Amundson, K. 2001. Rubber stamped plastic circuits for electronic paper. Proceedings—International Symposium on Advanced Packaging Materials Processes, Properties, and Interfaces, pp. 98-103. 

Microsystems are also expected to be introduced in the near future, including for example artificial noses, fingerprint sensing systems, bar code readers, rf-tag-ging systems, microfluidic pumps and dosing systems, gas flow control systems, new flexible and low cost displays or electronic paper. 

More recently, the 5-5 heterocyclic system has found application in the preparation of -type organic field effect transistors, which are currently receiving much attention for applications such as flexible displays, low-cost electronic papers, and smart memory-sensor elements. The most recent examples are molecules prepared by Yamashita, who has prepared the planar, perfluorinated thiazolothiazole molecules 169-171 to this end <2004CL1170, 2005JA5336, 2004JMC1787>. 

The electronic paper idea and the work we ve done in organic semiconductors have had components including work by individual scientists, but there have also been components of a multidisciplinary team approach. For example, chemists have been associated with the design and characterization of the semiconducting organic materials, developing the understanding of what functionalities are needed and other factors. 

Pharmacies are affected by these rules in two ways. Pharmacies, by definition, deal with PHI (e.g., a prescription itself is PHI). If the pharmacy uses a computer, the information is then electronic and is known as ePHI (Barlas, 2004). HIPAA protects all individually identifiable health information held or transmitted by a covered entity or its business associate in any form or media, whether electronic, paper, or oral (DHHS, 2003). This covered information includes demographic data, including the individual s physical or mental health (past, present, or future) the health care provided to the individual and payment information and common identifiers (e.g., name, address, birth date, and Social Security Number) that can be used to identify the individual. Pharmacies must have numerous policies and procedures in place to be in compliance with the HIPPA mandates. These include conducting risk assessments, appointing security and privacy officers to ensure compliance, and implementing policies and procedures to detect and prevent security violations. 

The Privacy Rule protects all individually identifiable health information held or transmitted by a covered entity or its business associate, in any form or media, whether electronic, paper, or oral. The Privacy Rule calls this information... 

Important further fields of BC research and development are already the subject of numerous original papers and review articles. Therefore, these topics are not part of this overview. This applies predominantly to recent knowledge on the biosynthesis of BC [6], its application as wound dressings in human medicine [7], the design of electronic paper [8] and the... 

The first half of this chapter focuses on thermal imaging, describing the technique and the strenuous requirements of suitable laser-printable materials. We illustrate the latter with polyaniline composites specifically tailored for high-resolution printing over large areas with moderate throughput. Their use in active matrix backplane circuits for large, mechanically flexible sheets of electronic paper is then described. 

Figure 12.9 shows the output and transfer characteristics of a state-of-the-art, polymer FET fabricated using the Plastic Logic direct-write manufacturing process (L = 10 pm). No encapsulation of the TFT is present other than what is naturally provided by the presence of the PET substrate on the bottom and an inkjet printed silver gate electrode on the top. The device exhibits a field-effect mobility of 0.04 cm2 V 1 s 1 and ON-OFF current ratio of 5 x 10s. The threshold potential is Vt = 5-6 V. These basic TFT performance values can be achieved consistently in a manufacturing environment, and are sufficient to drive a 100 dpi electronic paper display with A5 size. 

Fig. 12.11. Photograph of a 10" diagonal OTFT driven active matrix electronic paper display on a PET substrate.

Electronic paper has been hyped as the technology that will replace products printed on conventional paper such as books and newspapers. Combining the features of both paper and computer displays, e-paper will be lightweight, flexible, and easy to read from many angles in all kinds of light. Unlike traditional printed products, the information displayed on e-paper... 

Organic thin film transistors are fabricated with a low-temperature process. It is therefore possible to fabricate TFT arrays for flat panel displays in a low cost process. The substrates are low-cost and flexible such as polyethylene terepthalate (PET). The low cost, large area TFT arrays can be used for many applications, e.g. electronic paper, smart cards and remotely updateable posters and notice boards. Currently the amorphous-silicon-on-glass technology is used for such applications. This technology is very expensive. These applications will only become popular in marketplace if the cost of production is substantially reduced. This is the driving force for the R D effort in organic TFTs. 

Katoh [1] prepared a liquid crystal composition for use as electronic paper consisting of one dual-frequency switchable smectic liquid crystal, (1), and at least one dichroic dye. 

Flexible displays have attracted enormous interest from research institutes. The images of the flexible displays include bendable display, and electronic paper. The technology of flexible displays includes many domains the display modes, flexible substrates, and... 

Thermally and mechanically stable thin film formation is indispensable for fabrication of practical electronic devices such as organic light-emitting diodes, field-effect transistors, and particularly for flexible electronic papers. There are two approaches for formation of thermally and mechanically stable thin films. One is formation of glassy semiconductors retaining ordered structures by cooling from liquid-crystalline states [94]. The other approach is polymerization of liquid-crystalline semiconductors with a reactive moiety. 

For application to thin film transistors (TFTs), which can operate electronic papers, high carrier mobility exceeding 0.01 cm2 V-1 s-1 is necessary. For this purpose, nematic semiconductors with low molecular order, resulting in relatively low carrier mobility, are not suitable. For application of thin films of semiconductors to TFTs, stabilization of the highly ordered smectic phases, which exhibit high carrier mobility, by photopolymerization may be desirable. Kreouzis et al. studied the carrier transport properties of photopolymer-izable phenylnaphthalene, diphenylbithiophene, and quaterthiophene derivatives having an oxetane moiety or l,4-pentadien-3-yloxy in their alkyl side chain (Fig. 21) [107,108],... 

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