Policy implementing

Natural gas will continue to be substituted for oil and coal as primary energy source in order to reduce emissions of noxious combustion products particulates (soot), unburned hydrocarbons, dioxins, sulfur and nitrogen oxides (sources of acid rain and snow), and toxic carbon monoxide, as well as carbon dioxide, which is believed to be the chief greenhouse gas responsible for global warming. Policy implemented to curtail carbon emissions based on the perceived threat could dramatically accelerate the switch to natural gas. 

Many factors influence how a policy is implemented and whether it achieves its objectives effectively. Experience in policy implementation in many areas indicate the importance of good organization. A number of organizational attributes, such as a sound structure, efficient procedures, well-trained personnel and adequate financial resources, are considered cmcial for effective policy execution (18, 19, 20, 21). 

Capri E, Calliera M (2007) Pesticide monitoring in Italy and impact on environmental legislation/policy implementation. In Proceedings of the RISKBASE 1st Thematic Workshop, Lisbon, pp 60-63... 

Environmental Law Environmental Policy Implementation Resource Economics... 

Policy Implementation The carrying out of policy mandates through public programs and actions. [Gitel, p.415]. 

Groundwater is used for a large number of different purposes, and each consumer has a specific minimum quality demand. Yet water is often supplied with a higher quality than needed, for example, to certain types of industry or agriculture. If the price of water is set according to its quality, some consumers may prefer lower-quality water, relieving the pressure on the high-quality resource. This policy implementation is based on hydrochemical expertise. 

May Peter, J and Soren Winter (2007/2009) Politicians, managers, and Street-level Bureaucrats Influence on Policy Implementation Journal of Public Administration Research and Theory, 19(3) 453-476. 

Helge Kjekhus, The Tanzanian Villagization Policy Implementation Lessons and Ecological Dimensions, Canadian Journal of African Studies 11 (1977) 282, cited in Rodger Yaeger, Tanzania An African Experiment, 2nd ed. (Boulder West-view Press, 1989), p. 62. 

Moving towards activation was also part of the third way policies implemented mainly by reform-oriented Social Democratic governments in Europe, in particular in the UK, Germany and the Scandinavian countries in the second half of the 1990s, which, in turn, also inspired the formulation of the EES and the Lisbon agenda (Green-Pedersen et al. 2001 Giddens 1998). 

United States Department of Navy (US Navy), U.S. Navy Range Sustainability Environmental Program Assessment Policy Implementation Manual, Revision 1, Chief of Naval Operations, Environmental Readiness Division (N45), November 2006. 

It is useful for both scientists and practitioners to consult examples of existing policy implementations and the results of the use of RTD tools available via the WISE-RTD web portal. These examples complement the guidance material and can contribute to the dissemination of experience among different players in the area. This dissemination step is necessary to narrow the science-policy gap. 

The list of RTD results and related tools and instruments that have been produced and developed by the scientific community and software developers is lengthy. In order to enable their analysis and reporting on their applicability to policy implementation, classifications have been proposed by discipline, by policy implementation task, by input and output variables, and by physical processes considered (e.g. Rekolainen et al., 2004). 

Besides research, useful activities concern networking of scientific experts, policy implementers and stakeholders in the framework of coordinated actions (e.g. ERA-NET) or networks of excellence. These have resulted in recommendations that are reflected in several chapters of this book, e.g. on sediment monitoring. 

In the context of water policies, if a global approach is indispensable (at the EU level or at national level), local specificity (river basin district scale) has also to be taken into account. Therefore, scientific support for water policies implementation has to be considered at both levels. In this section, a trial of the triple helix method at the river basin district scale is illustrated. 

Special studies such as randomised control clinical trials or observational studies can be used to gather data that are not collected by routine monitoring systems these however involve additional costs and it may prove very difficult to maintain them consistently over a long period. Sentinel reporting systems, which collect data on a carefully selected sample, are useful for monitoring the short-term impact of policy implementation, particularly in order to detect unexpected or unintended outcomes [18]. Time pressures, the availability of financial resources and the willingness of staff members to comply with requirements will influence the type of monitoring method selected. 

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