Patents electronic databases

It would require a Herculean effort to prepare a complete discussion and review of every report related to the synthesis, reaction, or application of an oxazole while tabulating every oxazole, oxazolone, oxazoline, and chiral bis(oxazoline) prepared and evaluated during the period of 1983-2001. Such an undertaking is beyond the scope of this review. Furthermore, the ease with which electronic databases, including the patent literature, can be searched, the data retrieved, and the information tabulated would render such a project somewhat redundant. 

Examining publications first, we note that between 1960-1980, approximately 5400 CVD-related publications were generated and are compiled in the bibliography by D. T. Hawkins. More recent years, indexed in electronic databases, exhibit much higher publication rates. For example. Figure 14 shows the number of journal articles, worldwide patents, and US patents generated each year from 1970 to 1999,... 

The patent offices worldwide have opened their databases to the public there is no better place to start the search for patentability than with these free databases the same databases that provide additional services and literature search are packaged by other vendors. The United States Patent and Trademark Office (1) has created one of the world s largest electronic databases that includes every patent issued recently, published applications are also available in the database. Scientists are strongly urged to develop expert skills in interacting with the database of the United States Patent and Trademark Office. The search at United States Patent and Trademark Office can be most beneficial if the scientist learns how to use the patent classification system. (Tutorials are available at the United States Patent and Trademark Office website alternately, please consult Filing Patents Online A Professional Guide by Sarfaraz K. Niazi, CRC Press 2002). 

A similar result can be obtained by a search of the issued and published patent applications available in the USPTO electronic database related to CRP, (results as of December 2008). 

The World Wide Web is ubiquitous and we ignore it at our peril. Almost all of the electronic databases we search are now on the Web. We can say almost all because there may still be locations that have workstations with a database or handbook on a CD-ROM. Full text journal articles, conference papers, technical reports, white papers, preprints, even encyclopedias, handbooks, patents, and entire monographs are hosted on the Web and accessed from our desktop. It is difficult to name an organization that does not have a Web site, usually with a wealth of information a few clicks away. Most people think everything is on the Web and a vast amount of material is. 

Patents and standards can be key resources for transportation engineers involved in the design of new equipment and processes, particularly in the area of motor vehicles. The development of electronic databases and online resources has greatly enhanced access to patent information. Key patent databases and portals are included in Chapter 2, General Engineering Resources, of this book. 

For an accurate mass that could not be found in our accurate mass database, an elemental composition was proposed. The elemental composition could be used to search electronic databases (other than spectral databases) to find out whether the unknown was ever patented, studied or commercialized. 

We should not minimize the effects that electronic searching of patents has had on the business of research. In 1990, CAS introduced MARPAT, which is a database of Markush (generic) structures found in patent documents [1]. This database provided a valuable tool for patent searching in a more comprehensive way than had been available previously. In 1995, CAS launched SciFinder, which provided access to the patent literature for chemists on their desktops. Using the SciFinder interface, one may search for research topics, authors, companies, or structures/reactions. From a practical viewpoint, SciFinder did more to enhance the searching capabilities of the medicinal chemist than any other tool. Even today, SciFinder continues to provide a first pass through the patent literature when chemists want to include patents in their searching. Indeed, when a search is performed, patent references are included in the answer set. Only very recently have there been additional tools to search the patent literature that have found widespread use. 

Derwent World Patents Index. Derwent World Patents Index (DWPI) [76] is a comprehensive database of patent documents published worldwide. It covers over 10 million separate inventions from more than 20 million basic and equivalent patent documents. DWPI is commercially available on the following online services DIALOG, Questel, Orbit, and STN. Pharmaceuticals from 1963, agricultural and veterinary medicine from 1965, plastics and polymers from 1966, all chemistry from 1970, electronics, electrical and mechanical engineering from 1974, and comprehensive coverage of all... 

Once the process criteria have been identified various strategies can be followed to obtain the biocatalyst for the desired biotiansformation. Most commonly, first a literature, patent and electronic media search is performed ( database mining ) in order to find established biocatalysts that are known to catalyze the desired reaction or that catalyze a reaction that is similar to it (see 5.3.2). Databases that are becoming... 

Protein and nucleic acid sequences are submitted electronically to the United States Patent and Trademark Office (USPTO) to avoid the introduction of errors in printed documents and to simplify the job of examining patent claims that include biosequences. Short sequence listings are printable in the USPTO s full text database, but for longer sequences the electronic sequence records are stored in the Publication Site for Issued and Published Sequences (PSIPS), located at http // seqdata.uspto.gov/. 

An identical approach was used by Branca et al. [16] at Merck and led to the identifcationofanovel inhibitor of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARPl). The 2D descriptors were similar to the CATS all the two-point pharmacophores in each molecule were derived from all possible atom pairs and described in terms of atom types, number of Jt electrons, number of heavy atoms attached, and number of covalent bonds separating the two atoms along the shortest path. Known PARPl inhibitors were collected from patents, publications, and publicly available databases and used to train a support vector machine (SVM) classifier. A SVM constructs the plane that best separates active and inactive compounds in the multidimensional space defined by the molecular descriptors. The results of the SVM were used to classify the compounds in the Merck collection and those predicted to be active were screened. One compound was particularly potent and was chosen as the starting point for a structure-activity relationship (SAR) exploration of this chemical class. Docking studies on the PARPl crystal structure were used to guide the synthetic efforts. 

Today, Web sites are an essential source of information from government agencies, professional organizations, and commercial suppliers. Statistics, standards, patents, and other information that nsed to be difficnlt to identify and locate is now often just a few clicks away. Many journals are available in electronic editions, and the TRIS database (now TRID) is accessed online. Print resonrces remain important, however. As with any engineering discipline, handbooks, manuals, and textbooks are still critical information sources. 

Recently, a series of chemical substances called functional dyes have attracted considerable attention. Because such dyes have long conjugated 7c-electron systems, and in many cases, have intramolecular charge transfer stractures, functional dyes are expected to show interesting optical and electronic properties. Among functional dyes, phthalocyanine colorants have been extensively investigated because of their excellent physical, chemical, and coloristic properties as mentioned above [2j. For example, over 1000 related US patents published from 1990 onward are retrievable from the World Patent Index database of Derwent,... 

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