Disciplines engineering

American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air-Conditioning Engineers 

For an additional listii of engineering-related Web sites, please see Wd site 

There are over 20 major disciplines or specialties that are recognized by professional engineering societies. Moreover, within each discipline there exist a number of branches. For example, the mechanical engineetingpn ram can be traditionally divided into two broad areas (1) thermal /fluid systems and (2) structural /solid systems. In most mechanical engineering programs, durii your senior year you can take elective dasses that allow you to pursue your interest and 

Engineers are adept at using computers in many different ways to model and analyze various practical problems. 

Not all engineeting disciplines are discussed here, but you are encouraged to visit the Web sites of appropriate en eerii societies to learn more about a particular engineering discipline. 

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The phase rule specifies the number of intensive properties of a system that must be set to estabUsh all other intensive properties at fixed values (3), without providing information about how to calculate values for these properties. The field of appHed engineering thermodynamics has grown out of the need to assign numerical values to thermodynamic properties within the constraints of the phase rule and fundamental laws. In the engineering disciplines there is a particular demand for physical properties, both for pure fluids and mixtures, and for phase equiUbrium data (4,5). 

The development effort is largely a engineering activity requiring a great deal of planning. This planning requires increased interaction of multiple engineering disciplines to assure that the wells are drilled, completed and produced in a safe, efficient and economical manner. 

There are three basic engineering fields of knowledge. These are called the engineering arts and sciences. They are the mechanical arts and sciences, the chemical arts and sciences, and the electrical arts and sciences. Every specific engineering discipline, such as petroleum engineering, utilizes one of the basic engineering fields of knowledge as their scholarly foundation. 

This petroleum and natural gas engineering two-volume handbook is written in the spirit of the classic handbooks of other engineering disciplines. The two volumes reflect the importance of the industry its engineers serve (i.e., Standard and Poor s shows that the fuels sector is the largest single entity in the gross domestic product) and the profession s status as a mature engineering discipline. 

The specific petroleum engineering discipline chapters cover drilling and well completions, reservoir engineering, production, and economics and valuation. These chapters contain information, data, and example calculations related to practical situations that petroleum engineers often encounter. Also, these chapters reflect the growing role of natural gas in industrial operations by integrating natural gas topics and related subjects throughout both volumes. 

Chemical vapor deposition is a synthesis process in which the chemical constituents react in the vapor phase near or on a heated substrate to form a solid deposit. The CVD technology combines several scientific and engineering disciplines including thermodynamics, plasma physics, kinetics, fluid dynamics, and of course chemistry. In this chapter, the fundamental aspects of these disciplines and their relationship will be examined as they relate to CVD. 

All the scientific and engineering disciplines involved in materials research are in need of better instrumentation and facihties. Suitable equipment for chemical engineers interested in materials questions might include the following ... 

FIGURE A.2 Chemical engineering currently leads all engineering disciplines in the fraction of its support coming from nonfederal sources. Data from National Science Foundation. ... 

McAdams HH, Arkin AP. Gene regulation towards a circuit engineering discipline. Curr Biol 2000 10 R318-R20. 

Every engineering discipline has specific climate change issues, preventive measures and adjustments to impacts. Some of these are summarized in... 

To prevent or at least minimize such problems, we must better understand the environment at all levels, including the fundamental chemical processes that affect it. We have learned the lesson that when assessing the fate of new products in the environment, we should not underestimate the potential of these to appear in unexpected places. The recognition, avoidance, or solution of complex environmental problems requires the expertise of a variety of science and engineering disciplines. Only then will it be possible to produce realistic evaluations of how new compounds will be distributed and will act in the ecosystem. In addition to chemistry and biochemistry, fields such as solution thermodynamics and transport phenomena in which many chemical engineers work, as well as earth sciences and environmental engineering, have crucial contributions to make. 

Although the field of nonlinear optics has traditionally been the stronghold of the physics and electrical engineering disciplines, if many of the potential applications are to be realized materials science and chemistry must play a role in its future development. A parallel can be drawn between the multidisciplinary effort that has been responsible for the tremendous progress in integrated electronic circuitry in recent years, and the need to combine the development of nonlinear media with sophisticated physical characterization and exploration of new nonlinear phenomena, in order for progress to be sustained. 

This book is intended to be pedagogical, and not inclusive as a total review of the subject. It attempts to demonstrate that the subject of fire is a special engineering discipline built on fundamental principles, classical analyses and unique phenomena. The flow of the... 

Explosion and fire protection engineering principles for the hydrocarbon industries are still being researched, evolved and expanded, as is the case with most engineering disciplines. This handbook does not profess to contain all the solutions to fire protection problems associated with hydrocarbon facilities. It does however... 

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