Electricity injuries

Fig. 5. Model of coronary artery thrombosis in the dog. Electrical injury to the intimal surface of the artery leads to occlusive thrombus formation. The thrombus is formed in the presence of a flow-limiting stenosis induced by a Goldblatt clamp. Upon spontaneous occlusion, heparin is administered, and the clot is aged for 1 h before initiating the t-PA infusion.

Benedict et al. (1986) introduced a procedure in which anodal current is discontinued when mean distal coronary flow velocity increased by approximately 50%, reflecting disruption of normal flow by the growing thrombus. Occlusive thrombosis occurred within 1 h after stopping the electrical current. It was observed that the final phase of thrombosis occurred independently of electrical injury. 

Electrical injuries often require more extensive IV fluid resuscifafion fhan calculated by the Parkland formula because the extent of subcutaneous and deep tissue involvement is usually underestimated by the apparent cutaneous injury. A sample of fhe pafient s urine should be obtained initially and kept for comparison to subsequent samples to assess clearing of fhe pigment. 

Mehl, L.E., Electrical injury from tasering and miscarriage, Acta Obstet. Gynecol Scand., 71, 118-123, 1992. 

The cause of the underground coal mine gas explosion, one is electric leakage caused sparks gas explosion (Chen et al. 2010). Second is human body electrostatic sparks caused by gas explosion. Spark damage is the most common form of coal mine electric injury. Therefore in coal mine safety in production, we should seriously consider workers clothing, avoid clothing friction caused by static electricity, and reduce the gas explosion accidents. 

Fig 1 41 Section of interventricular septum from a patient who underwent cardiac transplantation 676 days after implantable cardioverter-defibrillator lead implantation and 7 days after last defibrillator shock (a). Right ventricular surface of interventricular septum (R) is at the top and left ventricular surface (L) at bottom. Characteristic fibroelastic tissue encircles the lead curved arrow). Trichrome-stained section of tissue (b) band of fibroelastic tissue curved arrow) encircles lead (L), and beneath, in myocardium, lies fibrous connective tissue F). Area of confluent fibrous connective tissue immediately adjacent to lead also extends into surrounding myocardium, forming radial pattern of interstitial fibrosis arrows), suggesting that shocks have caused lines of electrical injury (courtesy [51])... 

Finally, in a facility in which electrical injuries are a reasonable possibility, it is strongly recommended that at least some permanent personnel be trained in CPR and the measures to be taken should a person receive a severe shock. Individuals should also be trained to effect a rescue without themselves becoming a casualty. If, for example, a Uve wire is lying across a person and the circuit cannot be readily broken, they should be instructed to find a meter stick or some other insulated device to lift the energized wire from the victim, or use rubber gloves or other insulator in attempting to loosen a person Irom a circuit. 

Lee et al. hypothesized that electrical injury is often characterized by the preferential death of large mammalian cells (skeletal muscle, nerves) in tissue regions where insignificant temperature rise occurs (Esser et al., 2007 Bhatt et al., 1990 Lee et al.,... 

Cawley J.C, Homce G.T., 2003. Occupational electrical injuries in the United States, 1992-1998, and recommendations for safety research, Journal of Safety Research, 34, 24-248. 

Electrical injury Higher Higher-voltage equipment and all activities related to this equipment. 

In the list above, the committee developed what it judges to be among the more expected, or typical, hazards of a wind farm project life cycle. Many of these hazards— such as confined space entry, crane and lifting operations, electrical injury, working at heights, fire protection, human factors safety issues, and slips and trips—are common to land-based wind farms and are addressed by federal regulations and industry consensus standards, examples of which are included in Table 4-1. The... 

Raphael, C.L. et al., eds. 1994. Electrical Injury A Multidisciplinary Approach to Therapy, Prevention, and Rehabilitation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 720. The New York Academy of Sciences, New York. 

Although there is a tendency to concentrate on cardiac effects, current flow can also lead to respiratory paralysis. Immobilisation of the respiratory muscles, with the possibility of asphyxial death, can occur if the current is in the order of 18 to 30 mA for a limb-to-limb path Electrical Injuries Engineering, medical and legal aspects, Nabours, Fish and Hill Lawyers Judges Publishing Company 2000). 

Although the scaffold pole was a poor earth electrode, having a considerable earth resistance, it allowed sufficient current to flow through the labourer to cause fatal electrical injuries. Typical resistances would be 400 ohms for the earth connection and 2000 ohms for the labourer s body, resulting in a shock current of 230/(400 + 2000) = 0.096 A. A hand-to-hand current of 96 mA is sufficient to cause ventricular fibrillation. 

It can be assumed that the numbers for fatal accidents will be accurate because the HSE learns about all workplace deaths, but those for non-fatal injuries will seriously underestimate the actual number of workplace injuries because of endemic underreporting. Many employers and self-employed people are reluctant to report injuries to the HSE, despite the fact that not to do so is a breach of the Reporting of Injuries and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations 1995. Another influencing factor is that the Regulations only require to be reported those electric shock injuries that lead to unconsciousness or require resuscitation or admittance to hospital for more than 24 hours very many electric shock incidents do not fall within those categories. Otherwise, electrical injuries must be reported if they lead to ... 

Fatalities from electrical incidents account for about 6% of all work-related fatal accidents, with the overall accident statistics being dominated by injuries sustained from being struck by vehicles and by slips, trips and falls. In contrast, non-fatal electrical injuries account for just 0.5% of all non-fatal injuries. This is probably because many electric shock incidents go unreported - the consequences of an electric shock tend to be either very severe or the victim is able to walk away from it. 

The Regulation refers to matters whieh are within the control of people. This would mean, for example, that if a company were to employ an electrical contracting company to carry out work on their electrical installation, and if they had taken all reasonable steps to ensure the competence of the contractors, but an electrician employed by the contractors were to suffer an electrical injury, the company would have the defence that they were not in control of the electrical work. 

Where live work is to be carried out, such as live jointing work or faultfinding on live equipment, the risk of electrical injury tends to be high, so careful planning is needed. Such work must only be done by competent people who have the appropriate skills and knowledge. The types of precautions that can be taken were explained in Chapter 3 but, in brief, are ... 

Many accidents have happened, and continue to happen, when somebody working on or near a system that has been made dead experiences an electrical injury when the system is unintentionally switched on. This could be, for example, an electrician working on a system, or painters working in the vicinity of an overhead travelling crane s uninsulated power conductors. The aim of Regulation 13 is that measures should be taken to prevent this happening. 

Chapter 9 introduces new guidance on electrical safety in marinas, based on lEC and draft CENELEC standards. There is no matching section in BS 7671. The guidance is based on the fact that marina locations have increased risks of electrical injury arising from the accelerated deterioration caused by movement of the boats and the wet and salty nature of the location. The... 

Chapter 10 covers electrical installations in medical locations and associated areas. As in the case of Chapter 9, there are no equivalent regulations in the main standard and the guidance is based on lEC and CENELEC standards. The chapter considers the use of electrical equipment in three main areas life-support equipment (such as infusion pumps and dialysis machines), diagnostic equipment (such as X-ray machines and blood pressure monitors) and treatment (such as defribillators). It comments that the risks of electrical injury are enhanced by factors such as the acute nature of the care that patients may be undergoing and the fact that some treatments may be given when the skin barrier is broken, leading to reduced total body resistance. 

The physiological effects that lead to the perceived improvement in the quality of the meat will not be considered here. What is of relevance is the potential for serious electrical injury to anybody who enters the stimulator enclosure while the rubbing electrode is live. Given that suspended animals as large as cattle have to be moved into and out of the enclosure, it can be... 

In safety applications on machinery, the most common output reaction to a safety-related input such as an interlocked guard being opened or the emergency stop button being pushed, is for power to be removed and/or for brakes to be applied and for them to remain appUed until a reset signal is provided. In electrical-only systems, the reaction is to have power disconnected to remove the risk of electrical injury. 

This chapter describes, firstly, the tests routinely carried out on low voltage installations and, secondly, the testing of apparatus and equipment, and the precautions against electrical injury that should be taken in test facilities. 

The risks of electrical injury during testing can be inherently high because conductors energised at dangerous voltages are often exposed to... 

Live testing of equipment, apparatus and installations is a eommon eause of electrical injury and frequently requires eareful consideration and planning of the precautions needed to reduee the risks to an acceptable level. In all cases it is essential that the person earrying out the test is competent, having received adequate training and instruction on the risks and the technique to be used to avoid injury. There should always be a sufficiently comprehensive risk assessment carried out, with a clear and unambiguous explanation of the safety precautions. The main techniques that can be employed, most often in combinations, are ... 

Current measured in am peres or amps represents one source of electrical injury. Current may be thought of as the material or flow that is moved by the voltage pressure. Current flow greater than 9/1000 s of an ampere (0.009 amp or 9 milliamps) may be hazardous. This quantity oicurrent is 1/2222 of the setting of atypical 20 ampere circuit breaker. 

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