Medical locations

Medical, Locator ) (Fig. 1.27). Such a stylet has been found to be useful in patients with enlarged atria, difficult anatomy, congenital abnormalities or the need for positioning in unusual locations. 

Chapter 10 covers electrical installations in medical locations and associated areas. As in the case of Chapter 9, there are no equivalent regulations in the main standard and the guidance is based on lEC and CENELEC standards. The chapter considers the use of electrical equipment in three main areas life-support equipment (such as infusion pumps and dialysis machines), diagnostic equipment (such as X-ray machines and blood pressure monitors) and treatment (such as defribillators). It comments that the risks of electrical injury are enhanced by factors such as the acute nature of the care that patients may be undergoing and the fact that some treatments may be given when the skin barrier is broken, leading to reduced total body resistance. 

Most of the forensic science or crime laboratories located in North America are associated with law enforcement agencies, medical examiner—coroner departments, or prosecutors offices. There are a large number of independent consultants, also. Laboratories exist at the municipal, county, state, and federal levels of government. There are approximately 300 government-operated forensic science laboratories in the United States. 

Dental x-rays provide valuable information on the health of teeth which cannot be obtained by any other medical imaging modaUty. Dental x-ray procedures use a piece of film placed in the mouth between the tongue and the teeth. A 60 to 70 keV source of x-rays, located outside the mouth, is directed at the film. Metal fillings attenuate x-rays striking the film and therefore appear white in a projection image. Tooth decay appears dark as it attenuates x-rays less than normal tooth enamel. 

Frequency Allocations. Under ideal conditions, an optimum frequency or frequency band should be selected for each appHcation of microwave power. Historically, however, development of the radio spectmm has been predominantly for communications and information processing purposes, eg, radar or radio location. Thus within each country and to some degree through international agreements, a complex Hst of frequency allocations and regulations on permitted radiated or conducted signals has been generated. Frequency allocations developed later on a much smaller scale for industrial, scientific, and medical (ISM) appHcations. 

The widespread availabiHty of electrical energy completely transformed modem society and enabled a host of breakthroughs in manufacturing, medical science, communications, constmction, education, and transportation. Centralized fossil fuel-powered, steam-turbine-based power plants remain the dominant means of electricity production. However, hydropower faciHties such as the 1900-MW Hoover Dam Power Project located on the Arizona—Nevada border, commissioned by the U.S. Bureau of Reclamation during the 1930s, have also made significant contributions. 

A bursa, a sac filled with fluid located around a principal joint, is lined with a synovial membrane and contains synovial fluid. This fluid minimizes friction between the tendon and the bone, or between tendon and ligament. Repeated small stresses and ovemse can cause the bursa in the shoulder, hip, knee, or ankle to swell. This swelling and irritation is referred to as bursitis. Some patients experience bursitis in association with tendonitis. Bursitis can usually be reheved by rest and in some cases by using antiinflammatory medications. Some orthopedic surgeons also inject the bursa with additional medication to reduce the inflammation. 

The gravity-displacement-type autoclave rehes on the relative nonmiscibility of steam and air to allow the steam that enters to rise to the top of the chamber and fill it. The air is pushed out through the steam-discharge line located at the bottom of the chamber. Gravity-displacement autoclaves are utilized for the sterilization of Hquids and for unwrapped nonhoUow medical instmments at 134°C. 

Access to emergency showers and eyewashes is part of the site-specific emergency response and medical first-aid programs, and is unrelated to sanitation or decontamination. Requirements for the availability and location of emergency showers and eyewashes are specified under 29 CFR 1910.151. 

Everyone receives small radiation doses every day Figure 8.3-5 illustrates some of the doses received from background and other types of radiation. Note that the scale is logarithmic , and that background and cosmic-ray doses vary over an order of magnitude just with location and elevation. In addition to these natural sources, most people receive some medical and dental doses each year. 

Staff should make themselves familiar with the first-aid procedures in the event of an accident and know the location of the nearest first aid officers and the first-aid room (if there is one on the premises). They should also be aware of all first-aid/medical notices and procedures and the telephone number to call for assistance during and outside normal hours. (These are likely to differ unless the works or premises operate 24 hours a day.)... 

When Europe exploded into war in 1914, scientists largely abandoned their studies to go to the front. Marie Curie, with her daughter Irene, then 17 years old. organized medical units equipped with X-ray machinery. These were used to locate foreign metallic objects in wounded soldiers. Many of the wounds were to the head French soldiers came out of the trenches without head protection because their government had decided that helmets looked too German. In November of 1918, the Curies celebrated the end of World War I France was victorious, and Marie s beloved Poland was free again. 

If the nurse is responsible for administering the medication by nebulization, it is important to place the patient in a location where he can sit comfortably for 10 to 15 minutes. The compressor is plugged in and the medication mixed as directed, or the prepared unit dose vial is emptied into the nebulizer. Different types of medication are not mixed without checking with the physician or the pharmacist. The mask or mouthpiece is assembled and the tubing connected to the compressor. The patient is placed in a comfortable, upright position with the mask over the nose and mouth. The mask must fit properly so that the mist does not flow up into the eyes. If using a mouthpiece instead of a mask, have the patient place the mouthpiece into the mouth. The compressor is turned on and the patient instructed to take slow, deep breaths. If possible, the patient should hold his breath for 10 seconds before slowly exhaling. The treatment is continued until the medication chamber is empty. After treatment, the mask is washed with hot, soapy water, rinsed well, and allowed to air dry. 

Medical device current location/dlsposition (if known) ... 

In order to be successful as part of a medical device a polymer has to resist both biological rejection by the patient s body and degradation. The human body is an enviromnent which is simultaneously hostile and sensitive, so that materials for application in medicine must be carefully selected. The essential requirement is that these materials are biocompafible with the particular part of the body in which they are placed. The extent to which polymers fulfil this requirement of biocompafibility depends partly on the properties of the polymer and partly on the location in which they are expected to perform. For example the requirements for blood biocompafibility are stringent since blood coagulation may be triggered by a variety of materials. By contrast, the requirements for materials to be used in replacement joints in orthopaedic surgery are less severe and materials as diverse as poly (methyl methacrylate) and stainless steel can be used with minimal adverse reaction from the body. 

Figure 7.23 A 2D MRI of (a) a cross-section of the human head, (b) a cross-section of the human spinal cord. Different cross-sections can provide valuable information about the sizes and locations of tumors, etc. (Courtesy of Dr. I. H. Bhatti, Director, Jinnah Postgraduate Medical Center, Karachi.)... 

Depending upon the location and severity of the stroke at admission, patients may have cardiac and/or respiratory instability at the time of presentation to the emergency department (ED). They may need to be stabilized hemodynamically or intubated for airway protection or respiratory distress. Blood pressure management is often a crucial management issue, and the use of vasopressor or antihypertensive medications is common. In stroke patients at risk for malignant cerebral... 

Carmen Socaciu was bom in Cluj-Napoca, Romania and earned a BSc in chemistry in 1976, an MSc in 1977, and a PhD in 1986 from the University Babes-Bolyai in Cluj-Napoca, an important academic centre located in the Transylvania region. Dr. Socaciu worked as a researcher in medical and cellular biochemistry for more than 10 years, and became a lecturer in 1990 and full professor in 1998 in the Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry of the University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine (USAMV) in Cluj-Napoca. She extended her academic background in pure chemistry (synthesis and instrumental analysis) to the life sciences (agrifood chemistry and cellular biochemistry). Her fields of competence are directed especially toward natural bioactive phytochemicals (carotenoids, phenolics, flavonoids), looking to advanced methods of extraction and analysis and to their in vitro actions on cellular metabolism, their effects as functional food ingredients, and their impacts on health. 

Positron emission tomography (PET) A medical imaging technique that helps physicians locate tumors and other growths in the body. A radioactive tracer isotope which emits a positron is incorporated into a metaholically active molecule. A scanner locates the tissues where the radioactive substance winds up. 

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