Coal mining underground

Sun, J.P. 2010. Effect and Configuration of Six Systems for Safety Act of Rescue of Coal Mine Underground. Industry and Mine Automation 10 1-4. 

Different people in the same environment, the same people in different environments may have different responses to environmental factors, work method of this external from the working environment, the working state of the equipment, working effect, other leaders. These factors are the mine operators to produce certain effect, because of the existence of individual differences between man and man different people face environment will respond differently, thus forms the operator behavior of coal mine underground uncertainty. 

Ding Ke-Fang, Zhang Hong-Bin. Coal Mine Underground Environment s Important Position in Human—Machine—Environment System [J], Journal of Coal Safety, 2009 (8) 120-121. 

In 1955 it was discovered that mixtures of ammonium nitrate and fine coal dust have satisfactory blasting capabilities in large (9 inch) holes used in open-pit coal mines to remove the rock and soil covering the coal. Polyethylene bags containing this material deform to fit the hole and provide moderate water resistance. ANFO is used in open-pit iron and copper mines and for construction such as road building. The mixture is air blown into 2-inch holes or less m maiiv underground mines. 

Coal from underground mines is assessed an excise tax of 1.10 per ton, and coal from surface mines is assessed a tax of 0.55 per ton, but in each case, a constraint is added that states that the tax cannot exceed 4.4 percent of the sales price. The receipts from these taxes are allocated to the Black Lung Disability Trust Fund. Monies from this trust fund are used to pay for health benefits to coal miners. 

Drift. In coal mining, an underground tunnel through stone. 

Bing Blackdamp Blower Bold Bord-nnd-pillar Sec spoil heap On-delicient air. typically rich in CO> (synonym stythe Signilicant point source of gas entering mine workings Mine roadway tor dead-end room) from which rim-of-mine coal has been extracted A supported method of underground coal mining in which coal is extracted from a rectilinear network of bords. with pillars of intact coal left in place to support the roof. (synonyms pillar-and-stall. room-tuul-pillar. sioop-and-room)... 

Colliery Culm bank Deep mine Diming Coal mine, especially an underground mine for coal See spoil heap See underground mine Excavation of tloor strata below a thin coal seam to improve the overall working height of roadways, thus improving access (see also ripping)... 

It was precisely in the context of public policy debates over the proliferation of surface coal mining that the long-latent public health concerns in relation to coal mining were finally given voice. In contrast to the extended discussions in the 19th century of employee health issues in underground coal mines, the many debates over the merits of opencast developments in the second half of the 20th century barely mentioned the occupational health of the surface miners. Rather, the focus was squarely on the impact of the opencast mine on the local environment, and in particular the health and quality of life of nearby residents (Beynon et al. 

For abandoned opencast sites, and for large spoil heaps associated with underground coal mines, landscaping and revegetation are clearly the key to long-term prevention of dust entrainment by the wind (see below). 

Novak, T. Fisher, T. J. 2001. Lightning propagation through the earth and its potential for methane ignitions in abandoned areas of underground coal mines. IEEE Transactions on Industry Applications, 37, 1555-1562. 

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