Anode Performance

In this work, the catalytic reforming of CH4 by CO2 over Ni based catalysts was investigated to develop a high performance anode catalyst for application in an internal reforming SOFC system. The prepared catalysts were characterized by N2 physisorption, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and temperature programmed reduction (TPR). 

One of the fundamental requirements for a high performance anode is to have excellent catalytic activity toward the electrochemical oxidation of the fuel (e.g., hydrogen). This is reflected as low anode polarization or interfacial resistance. This area has seen intensive research for quite some time and is covered very well by the reviews of McEvoy [2], Zhu and Deevi [3], and Jiang and Chan [4], In this section, the focus will still be on revealing the influences of processing and testing parameters on the obtained anode electrochemical performance. 

Wei GL, Luo JL, Sanger AR, and Chuang KT. High-performance anode for H2S-Air SOFCs. J Electrochem Soc 2004 151 A232-A237. 

Bi Z, Yi B, Wang Z, Dong Y, Wu H, She Y et al. A high-performance anode-supported SOFC with LDC-LSGM bilayer electrolytes. Electrochem. Solid State Lett. 2004 7 A105-A107. 

Zhang, Y., et ah, Green and controlled synthesis of Cu20-graphene hierarchical nanohybrids as high-performance anode materials for lithium-ion batteries via an ultrasound assisted approach. Dalton Transactions, 2012. 41(15) p. 4316-4319. 

Xie, J., et al., Self-assembly of CoFe204/graphene sandwich by a controllable and general route towards high-performance anode for Li-ion batteries. Journal of Materials Chemistry, 2012. 22(37) p. 19738-19743. 

Yang S, Cui G, Pang S, Cao Q, Kolb U, Feng X, Amier J, Mullen K. Fabrication of cobalt and cobalt oxide/graphene composites Towards high-performance anode materials for lithium batteries, ChemSusChem 2010, 3, 236-239. 

Even when exposed to water, the conductivity of the doped SrTi03 at 973 K, 35 S/cm, would seem to be adequate for achieving good anode performance. However, it should be recognized that a high-performance anode will need to be porous and likely be in the form of a composite with an ionic-conducting oxide to enhance the TPB. For example, with cathodes based on Sr-doped LaMn03 (LSM) and YSZ, the conductivity of the composite can be more than a factor of 1(3 lower than that of dense LSM. Furthermore, the intrinsic conductivity of these oxides that are used for cathodes is well over 100 S/cm. 

Hibino, T., Hashimoto, A., Yano, M., Suzuki, M., Yoshida, S., and Sano, M. High Performance Anodes for SOFCs Operating in Methane-air Mixture at Reduced Temperatures, Journal of the Electrochem. Soc., 149, A133 (2002). 

Ishii Y, Fujita A, Nishida T, Yamada K. High-performance anode material for lithium-ion rechargeable battery. EEtachi Chemical Technical Report 2001 36 27-32. 

Maximum-performing anode carbon has minimum oxidant-accessible surface of low, uniform oxidation sensitivity to air (02) and CC ... 

By this method high yields of isocyanides are obtained by an oxidation process. Since this oxidation can also be performed anodically or with... 

K. To realise the SHC process, it is necessary to develop inexpensive and high performance anode... 

Liu, Y.T., Zhu, X.D., Duan, Z.Q., Xie, X.M., 2013c. Flexible and robust MoS2-graphene hybrid paper cross-linked by a polymer ligand a high-performance anode material for thin film lithium-ion batteries. Chem. Commun. 49,10305-10307. 

Li, X., J. Shao, J. Li, L. Zhang, Q. Qu, and H. Zheng. 2013. Ordered mesoporous M0O2 as a high-performance anode material for aqueous supercapacitors. Journal of Power Sources 237 80-83. 

Lim, E., H. Kim, C. Jo et al. 2014. Advanced hybrid supercapacitor based on a mesopo-rous niobium pentoxide/carbon as high-performance anode. ACS Nano 8 8968-8978. 

Zhang, W.-M., et al. (2008). Tin-nanoparticles encapsulated in elastic hollow carbon spheres for high-performance anode material in lithium-ion batteries. Adv. Mater, 20(6) pp. 1160-1165. 

The oxides of heavier, second-row transition metal elements are commonly discarded for their use in high gravimetric capacity applications. Nevertheless, an enhanced nanoscale conduction capability of a Mo02/Graphene composite for high performance anodes in lithium-ion batteries should be highlighted. The composite electrode showed a reversible capacity of 605 mA h g" in the initial cycle at current density of 540 mA g and upon increasing the current density to 2045 mA g" the electrode shows a reversible capacity of 300 mA h g" [135]. 

Tian, Q., Zhang, Z., Yang, L., and Hirano, S. (2014]. Encapsulation of Sn02 nanoparticles into hollow Ti02 nanowires as high performance anode materials for lithium ion batteries, /. Power Sources, 253, pp. 9-16. 

Yang, S., Feng, X., Ivanovici, S., and Mullen, K. [2010]. Fabrication of graphene-encapsulated oxide nanoparticles Towards high-performance anode materials for lithium storage, Angew. Chem. Int d.,49,pp. 8408-8411. 

Huang, X., Chen, Yu, H., Cai, R, Peng, S., Yan, Q.,and Hng, H. H. [2013]. Carbon buffered-transition metal oxide nanoparticle-graphene hybrid nanosheets as high-performance anode materials for lithium ion... 

Bhaskar, A, Deepa, M., Rao, T. N., and Varadaraju, U. V. (2012). Enhanced nanoscale conduction capability of a MoOj/Graphene composite for high performance anodes in lithium ion batteries, y. Power Sources, 216, pp. 169-178. 

Recently anchoring nanosized SnO on anisotropic nanostructures of conducting polymers has attracted much attention, emerging the ID or 2D nanocomposites as high-performed anode materials. Zhang et al. employed a facile two-step electrochemical reaction method including electropolymerization and electrodeposition to fabricate SnO -nanoparticles-decorated PPy nanowires [108]. SEM and TEM reveal that the surface of PPy nanowires was densely coated with SnO nanoparticles (Figure 7.15). 

F. Mack, V. Gogel, L. Jdrissen, J. Kerres, High performance anode based on a partially fluorinated sulfonated polyether for direct methanol fuel cells operating at 130°C, J. Power Sources 255 (2014) 223-229. 

---