Electroconductive polymer

Common conductive polymers are poly acetylene, polyphenylene, poly-(phenylene sulfide), polypyrrole, and polyvinylcarba2ole (123) (see Electrically conductive polymers). A static-dissipative polymer based on a polyether copolymer has been aimounced (124). In general, electroconductive polymers have proven to be expensive and difficult to process. In most cases they are blended with another polymer to improve the processibiUty. Conductive polymers have met with limited commercial success. 

Some theoretical prerequisites for application of modified and expanded graphites, Si- and Sn-based composites and alloys, electroconducting polymers as active materials, catalysts and electro-conductive additives for lithium - ion batteries, metal-air batteries and electrochemical capacitors are considered. The models and the main concepts of battery-related use for such materials are proposed. 

During the last decade, immobilization of oxidase type enzymes by physical entrapment in conducting or ionic polymers has gained in interest, particularly in the biosensor field. This was related to the possibility for direct electron tranfer between the redox enzyme and the electroconducting polymers such as polypyrrole (1,2), poly-N-methyl pyrrole (3), polyindole (4) and polyaniline (5) or by the possibility to incorporate by ion-exchange in polymer such as Nafion (6) soluble redox mediators that can act as electron shuttle between the enzyme and the electrode. 

ELECTROCONDUCTIVE POLYMERS AND EXFOLIATED GRAPHITE COMPOSITES AS CATALYSTS FOR OXYGEN REDUCTION... 

Electropolymerization is highly usefiil for the preparation of 7t-conjugated electroconducting polymers. Potential scanning polymerization is often employed in addition to ordinary constant current and constant potential electropolymerizations. Since the polymer film is formed on the electrode surface, one can easily obtain valuable information about the propagation process from CV curves during the potential scanning. 

Electrochemical synthesis of electroconducting polymers such as polyarene [28— 31], polypyrrole [32-34], polythiophene [35], and polyaniline [36, 37] has been carried out in moisture sensitive chloroaluminate ionic liquids. However, the polymer hlms are decomposed rapidly by the corrosive products like HCl generated by hydrolysis of the ionic liquids. In addition the treatment of the chloroalminate ionic liquids requires a special equipment such as glove box. 

Ion-exchange polymers, redox polymers and especially electroconducting polymers have been utilised extensively in CMEs including CWEs, ISFETs, amperometric and conductometric sensors, both as selective accumulators and as... 

The work was supported by the Ministry of Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia under the research projects Deposition of ultrafine powders of metals and alloys and nanostructured surfaces by electrochemical techniques (No. 142032G) and Modification of metal and nonmetal materials by electroconductive polymer for application in new technologies (No. 142044). 

Doblhofer K and Zhong C 1991 The mechanism of electrochemical charge-transfer reactions on conducting polymer films Synth. Met. 41-43 2865-70 Fare T L et al 1994 A commercial immunosensor system incorporating electroconductive polymers Proc. Am. Chem. Soc., Div. Polym. Mater. Science and Engineering vol 71 (Washington, DC American Chemical Society) pp 649-50... 

Wu, X.M., Chen, T.A., and Rieke, R.D., Synthesis of regioregular head-to-tail poly[3-(alkylthio)thiophenes] A highly electroconductive polymer, Macromolecules 28, 2101-2102, 1995. 

The heterocycles (13) and (14a) (Table 2) find much application in electrochemical polymerization to prepare electroconductive polymers <89TL1655>. The conductive complexes (239), named 2,6-bis(dicyanomethylene)-2,6-dihydrodithieno[3,2-h 2, 3 -d]thiophene, have been described as potential electron acceptors <89BCJ1547>. 

Heterocycle-based electroconductive polymers , Berlin, A., Plastic Eng. (N.Y.) (Electrical and Optical Polymer Systems), 1998, 45, 47 Heterocycle-based electric conductors , Pagani, G. A., Heterocycles, 1994, 37, 2069 Conjugated poly(thiophenes) synthesis, functionalisation and applications , Roncali, J., Chem. Rev., 1992, 92, 711. 

The study of electroconductive polymer systems, based on conductive particles and polymer blends, has been quite intensive during the recent past. Gubbels et al. [149] studied the selective localization of CB particles in multiphase polymeric materials (PS and PE). According to these results, the percolation threshold may be reduced by the selective localization of CB. The minimum resistivity was obtained when double percolation (phase and particle percolation) exists in the PS-PE blend. In addition, it was found that the percolation threshold may be obtained at very low particle concentrations, provided that CB is selectively localized at the interface of the blend components. Soares et al. [150] found that the type of CB (i.e., different surface areas) does not affect the conductivity of the blend with 45/55 PS/PIP (polyisoprene) composition. 

A simple method was recently introduced for preparing core-shell nanostructured conductive PPy composite [45]. The PPy core particles were first introduced in flexible shell solutions by in situ polymerization, and then different core-shell structures could be obtained by the electrospinning method (Figure 4.12). In that study, PPy was selected as the as-dispersed phase (cores) and polyacrylonitrile (PAN) as the continuous phase (shell) the morphology of the resulted nanostructures can be controlled by changing the concentration of the solutions. This method is very useful in the design and preparation of nanosized core-shell structures using electroconductive polymers. 

Arsenic Arsenic trifluoride doping agent, electroconductive polymers Arsenic pentafluoride doping agent, electronic components Phosphine... 

Kudoh, Y, et al. 1991. An aluminum solid electrolytic capacitor with an electroconducting-polymer electrolyte. Synth Met 41—43 1133. 

Berlin, A., G. Pagani, and F. Sannicolo. 1986. New synthetic routes to electroconductive polymers containing thiophene units. / Chem Soc Chem Commun (22) 1663-1664. 

---