Bulk electrical conductivity

For PLEDs with relatively small active area, the anode can be made of a single layer of conducting polymers with relatively high bulk electric conductivity. Gustafsson and coworkers at UNIAX demonstrated a flexible PLED with conducting PANI-CSA anode, and... 

Overall, as mentioned previously, the major challenge in composite plates is how to maintain the best balance between electrical conductivity and mechanical properties. This is mainly influenced by the ratio between the fillers and matrix. Regarding the electrical conductivity, well designed and manufactured composite materials show performance comparable to that of graphite. For example, the bulk electrical conductivity of a well designed and fabricated composite can reach 300 S cm i, close to that of the graphite [21]. 

Polymeric material that exhibits bulk electric conductivity. 

Note 1 The bulk electrical conductivity of an intrinsically conducting polymer is comparable to that of some metals and results from its macromolecules acquiring positive or negative charges through oxidation or reduction by an electron acceptor or donor (charge-transfer agent), termed a dopant. 

Figure 1. Bulk electrical conductivity versus Sr and Mg concentrations in LSxGMy. Bulk conductivities are given a S/cm4...

Yuen et al. 2008 (43) MWCNT CVD CNT Company, Incheon, Korea As-received In situ method Ex situ method CNT Loading levels 0.25 to 4.76 wt% Film Bulk Film Bulk Electrical Conductivity Percolation threshold 0.25 wt% for in situ prepared composites Percolation threshold 0.74 wt% for ex situ prepared composites EMI SE (2-18 GHz) 32.06 dB at 2.18 GHz for bulk composite prepared by in situ method 58.73 dB at 14.84 GHz for 10 layers of stacked composite film prepared by in situ method Higher EMI shielding effectiveness of layered composite attributed to energy loss by multi-reflections in the layered composites... 

Bulk electrical conductivity has always been controversial for paper since the contact resistance at the paper-electrode interface can be much higher than the resistance of the paper itself. This neglect of contact resistance has produced many erroneous reports of bulk conductivity of paper. 

Bulk electrical conduction The gross feature of the electroactivity of a material is best understood from the a.c. experiment. The variation of complex impedance and loss angle with frequency of the applied voltage was studied for better information about the a.c. conductance of the biopolymer gum Arabica. This measurement was carried out on a gum Arabica sample caste on a plane copper surface between frequency ranges 0.5 Hz - 100 KHz and between... 

However, in experimental studies it has been observed that gum Arabica specimen has a surface electrical conductivity which is very sensitive to local humidity. Moreover, it has been observed that the bulk electrical conductivity... 

The bulk electrical conductivity, a, is proportional to the number of charge carriers and their mobility and so is very sensitive to changes in microviscosity, ti, of the system that is defined by the Stokes law ... 

Experimental [23] as well as theoretical [24-26] studies of percolation phenomena have been reported. In random and macroscopically homogeneous materials it has been demonstrated [27-29] that at concentrations of metal particles below the percolation threshold (p < Pc) a short-range percolation coherence length, exists. Electrical conductivity is probable for length scales less than Thus even if the metal-filled composite exhibits no bulk electrical conductivity, conduction can occur within domains that are smaller than As the concentration of metal particles approaches oo and the composite becomes isotropically conductive. 

Table 1. Au Cn(X Y) Cluster Series Core and Shell Dimensions and Bulk Electrical Conductivity (ohm cm) )...

From energy-density and volume-production points of view, the use of metallic bipolar plates in PEMFC stacks is important for the automobile industry. Metallic bipolar plates could provide thinner and hghter choices and improved thermal and bulk electrical conductivity. The use of SSs makes PEMFCs cost-effective. Whereas 316/316L SS may not be the optimum choice for the PEMFC bipolar plate... 

Nitrogen and boron are the only elements that significantly affect the bulk electrical conductivity of diamond in addition, a hydrogen-terminated surface gives rise to p-type conduction (24,25). 

MgO coating, similar to its behavior on LiMn204, is superior in terms of improving cycling performance but not rate capability of LiFeP04. However, in the case of V02(B) coating, it leads to an increase in the bulk electric conductivity, improvement of the kinetics, and enhancement of the rate capability of LiFeP04. 

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