Effluents chemical characterization

Jolley, R. L. et al. Nonvolatile Organics in Disinfected Wastewater Effluents Chemical Characterization and Mutagenicity MERL. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, DC, 1982 EPA-600/2-82-017. 

Wang, C. Wang, Y. Kiefer, F Yediler, A. Wang, Z. Kettrup, A. 2003, Ecotoxicological and chemical characterization of selected treatment process effluents of municipal sewage treatment plant. Ecotox. Environ. Safe. 56 211-217. 

Schnell, A. Sabourin, M.J. Skog, S. Garvie, M. Chemical characterization and biotreatability of effluents from an integrated alkaline-peroxide mechanical pulping/machine finish coated (APMP/ MFC) paper mill. Water Sci. Technol. 1997, 55 (2-5), 7-14. 

Vaajasaari, K., Ahtiainen, J., Nakari, T. and Dahlbo, H. (2000) Hazard assessment of industrial waste leachability chemical characterization and biotesting by routine effluent tests, in G. Persoone, C. Janssen and W. M. De Coen (eds.), New Microbiotests for Routine Toxicity Screening and Biomonitoring, Kluwer Academic / Plenum Publishers, New York, pp. 413-423. 

As seen further on in this chapter, individual PEEP index values express a condensed portrait of an effluent s hazard potential which takes into account several important ecotoxicological notions (toxic intensity and scope in terms of biotic levels impacted, bioavailability, persistence of toxicity and effluent flow). Unlike wastewater investigations limited to chemical characterization, this bioassay-based scale reflects the integrated responses of several representative toxicity tests to all interaction phenomena (antagonistic, additive and/or synergistic effects) that can be present in effluent samples. 

Industries dedicated to the treatment of skins are big consumers of water and, as a consequence, big producers of liquid effluents. These effluents are characterized by their high chemical oxygen demand (COD), as well as colors and a high content of salts, oils and fats, and solids, due to the reagents used during the production process. As a result, these effluents have a high pollutant potential and need to be treated before their discharge or elimination. 

S. Karlsson, B. Allard, K. Hakansson, Chemical characterization of stream-bed sediments receiving high loadings of acid mine effluents, Chem. GeoL, Cl (1988), 1-15. 

Svanberg, O. and L. Renberg. 1988. Biological-chemical characterization of effluents for the evaluation of the potential impact on the aquatic environment pp. 244-255. In Organic Micropollutants in the Aquatic Environment (Eds. G. Angeletti and A. Bjorseth). Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, The Netherlands. 

All the detectors described above are non-destructive to the samples so that column effluent can be collected for further physical/chemical characterization and any further use. 

A full physico-chemical characterization of the polymer in the effluents of the well CY55 has confirmed that it was not degraded by its flow through the formation and the injection/production facilities. 

Because of the processes carried out in the plant, the expected compounds in wastewater are formaldehyde, urea, and polymers of these compounds. The global effluent of this kind of factory is characterized by a high chemical oxygen demand (COD) (due mainly to formaldehyde), relatively high values of nitrogen (arising from urea and copolymers) and a low content of phosphorus and inorganic carbon. The main characteristics of the effluent of a resin factory are showed in Table 19.1. 

All effluents must be characterized in detail when treating agents contaminated with metals from disassembled chemical weapons (i.e., potential trace species and reaction by-products, such as nitrated hydrocarbons, partially oxidized products, and metals, must be identified) and their environmental impacts evaluated. 

With the rapid increase in the nnmber of chemical industries, a great deal of waste-water is produced, which causes pollution and degrades the enviromnent. Many of these industrial wastewaters, particularly the ones, containing phenohc compounds, are well known to be characterized by higher salinity, acidity, chemical oxygen demand (COD) value and low biodegradability, which means that the effluent carmot be treated by the corrventional process [2, 3]. An alternative method of treating such... 

In Sweden, industrial effluents are to be characterized by chemical composition, toxicity, bioaccumulative capacity, and degradability [200]. The evaluation is performed according to the following tiered procedure ... 

A. Analysis of Wastewater and Natural Waters. The presence of certain anions in wastewater effluents can cause deterioration of natural water systems. Phosphorous and nitrogen can be present in several chemical forms in wastewaters. Phosphorous is usually present as phosphate, polyphosphate and organically-bound phosphorus. The nitrogen compounds of interest in wastewater characterization are ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and organic nitrogen. Analyses are often based on titrimetric, and colorimetric methods (3). These methods are time consuming and subject to a number of interferences. Ion Chromatography can be used to determine low ppm concentrations of these ions in less than thirty minutes with no sample preparation. 

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