Response integral

Proportional integral (PI) control A control algorithm that combines the proportional response and integral response control algorithms. 

CHIRBASE provides integrated responses from single questions, as well as from combinatorial questions constructed on the basis of any specific query corresponding to one or several field(s) occurring in the database. With the molecular structure of a sample in hand, the search can be conducted interactively from the query menu form. 

Cytokines are small, short-lived proteins and important mediators of local intercellular communication. They play a key role in integrating responses to a variety of stimuli in immune and inflammatory processes. By binding their cognate receptors on target cells in their immediate vicinity, these molecules participate in many important biological activities including cell proliferation, activation, death and differentiation. In... 

PepTl gene by selective amino acids and dipeptides in the diet [81]. It has also been reported that the integrated response to certain stimuli may increase PepTl activity by translocation from a preformed cytoplasm pool [52]. 

We have chosen animal cell cultures for that purpose, bearing in mind the following advantages of such system (i) the action of peptide results in a limited number of integral responses, when a variety of biochemical mechanisms gives rise to uniform effects, such as cell death or stimulation/inhibition of cell proliferation rate (ii) the test requires low, picomolar amounts of peptides (iii) the results are treated by simple and reliable statistic methods. 

Maas, E. V., G. J. Hoffman, S. L. Rawlins, and G. Ogata. Salinity-ozone interactions on pinto bean Integrated response to ozone concentration and duration. J. Environ. Qual. 2 400-404, 1973. 

The integrated response to trauma depends on increases in the rates of metabolic processes, which are summarised as follows ... 

Compounds were quantified by comparing the computer calculated area for the brominated compound with the integrated response for a known amount of octachlo-ronaphthalene. Differences in ionization cross-section, which affect the sensitivity of the mass spectrometer to a given compound, were compensated for by determining the relative molar response (RMR) of authentic compounds to octachloronaphthalene. 

In any blood vessel, the final integrated response to either neuronally released norepinephrine or to circulating epinephrine probably depends on the relative participation of at least four populations of a-adreno-ceptors postjunctional i- and az-adrenoceptors mediate constriction of vascular smooth muscle, while prejunctional and endothelial az-adrenoceptors mediate vasodilation. An understanding of the vessel vascular response to adrenomimetic drugs also must include the effects of drugs on adventitial innervation, smooth muscle, and other vascular factors that may be present. 

Integrated response measures—to minimize loss of life and property. The challenges for chemical scientists include the development of detectors and information systems that can provide responses for chemical, biological, and radiological weapons to maximize the effectiveness of a diverse group of responders. 

FD Plots. Numerical tests of the validity of the FDR (Eq. (209)) use fluctuation-dissipation plots (FD plots) to represent the integrated response as a function of the correlation. The integrated version of relation (209) is expressed in terms of the susceptibility. 

Figure 18. (a) Response versus the dynamical structure factor for the binary mixture Lennard-Jones particles system in a quench from the initial temperature Ti = 0.8 to a final temperature T( = 0.25 and two waiting times t = 1024 (square) and = 16384 (circle). Dashed lines have slope l/Tf while thick hues have slope l/T (t ). (From Ref. 182.) (b) Integrated response function as a function of IS correlation, that is the correlation between different IS configurations for the ROM. The dashed fine has slope Tf = 5.0, where Tf is the final quench temperature, whereas the full lines are the prediction from Eq. (205) andF = F (T ) Teff(2") 0.694, Teff(2 ) 0.634, and 7 eff(2 ) 0.608. The dot-dash line is for t , = 2" drawn for comparison. (From Ref. 178.)... 

Figure 16. Integrated response of a pulsed scanning pyroelectric microcalorimeter. Activated charcoal adsorber is exposed to a butyl phthalate partial pressure in a vacuum -it...

Microscopies offer a more integral response. Other techniques such as thermal and thermomechanical analysis, and methods sensitive to local mobility such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), can also be used. 

If the concentration at the face of the sampler fluctuates there is the possibility that the concentration inside the sampler air gap will not reflect the actual ambient concentration. The sampler would then not provide a true integrated response to the exposure concentrations. The response time of passive samplers is typically 1-10 seconds and provided that the total sampling time is large relative to the response time, errors will be small (Brown, 1993). 

Reaction conditions for the Massively Parallel Microfluidic Reactor were a feed of 6% C3H8, 7% NH3, 17% 02, and 70%, a reaction temperature of 420°C, and a residence time of 0.4 s. Integrated responses from the detection plate spots were non-linear and a calibration curve was generated from standards to quantify acrylonitrile content in the detection plate spots (Fig. 3.18). 

As seen further on in this chapter, individual PEEP index values express a condensed portrait of an effluent s hazard potential which takes into account several important ecotoxicological notions (toxic intensity and scope in terms of biotic levels impacted, bioavailability, persistence of toxicity and effluent flow). Unlike wastewater investigations limited to chemical characterization, this bioassay-based scale reflects the integrated responses of several representative toxicity tests to all interaction phenomena (antagonistic, additive and/or synergistic effects) that can be present in effluent samples. 

Figure 4. Mean integrated response of the chorda tympani nerve discharge in the gerbil to sucrose (A), methyl a-o-glucopyranoside (A), methyl (S-o-glucopy-ranoside ( ), methyl f -o-fructofuranoside ( ), methyl a-o-fructofuranoside (O), methyl a-o-fructopyranoside ( ), methyl p-n-fructopyranoside (Y), 1,5-anhydro-o-mannitol (Q), fructose (equilibrium mixture, 25°C) (V) Responses are relative to the maximum sucrose response.

When one looks into the basic functions of the link and indirect response models, it is clear that one of the differences resides in the input functions to the effect and the receptor protein site, respectively. For the link model a linear input operates in contrast to the indirect model, where a nonlinear function operates. For the link model the time is not directly present and the pharmacological time course is exclusively dictated by the pharmacokinetic time, whereas the indirect model has its own time expressed by the differential equation describing the dynamics of the integrated response. 

Wang, B., Jenkins, J. R., and Trayhurn, P. 2005. Expression and secretion of inflammation-related adipokines by human adipocytes differentiated in culture integrated response to TNF-alpha. Am. J. Physiol. Endocrinol. Metab., 288, E731-E740. 

Since acute radiation toxicity responses become apparent shortly after exposme, history is an important criterion in determining whether the radiation is related to the cause of a particular complication or adverse effect. As with any attempt to specify a dose-response relationship, the dose is an important component. In contrast, late radiation toxicity in organs such as the kidneys, fiver, or central nervous system (CNS) will not be seen until months or perhaps even years after radiation exposure (Center for Drug Evaluation, 2005). The integrated response is often to the radiation response and attempts to heal any radiation damage that has been caused. 

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