Effects of Lithium

Lithium (at 40 mM) inhibits the replication of herpes virus, pox virus, and adenovirus (DNA viruses) but does not inhibit that of RNA viruses such as influenza virus or encephalomyocarditis virus (209). 

Resistance develops in herpes simplex virus during passage through low concentrations of lithium. 

Lithium succinate ointment also has proved to be useful in the treatment of seborrhoeic dermatitis, having an effect both on the lipid metabolism of the normal skin fungus, Pityrosporum ovale, which proliferates excessively in this condition, and on the general inflammatory effect, which is the normal response to such fungal attack (212, 213). Further extensions of the antiviral and topical uses are expected and the area is rapidly developing. 

Garrod, A. B., Essentials of Materia Medica and Therapeutics, 9th ed., p. 110. Loughmans Green, London, 1881. 

General Medical Council, British Pharmacopoeia. Spottiswoode, London, 1885. 

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Note 1. Compare Chapter VIIl-6, Exp. 1 for the effect of lithium bromide on the formation of carbinols, derived from propyne. 

Table 2. Effect of Lithium Salt on the Stereochemistry of the Carboxylation of ( + )-(/ S)-/ra s-l-(4-Methylphcnyl-sulfinylmcthyl)-4-(methoxymethyl)cyclohexane in THF...

In noncancer-related pharmacology, GSK3 is inhibited by lithium at therapeutic concentrations, implying that the long-established effectiveness of lithium in the treatment of psychiatric mood disorders (and more recently as a neuroprotective agent) may be linked to GSK3 inhibition. Antipsychotics such as haloperidol... 

Q Risk for Imbalanced Fluid Volume related to adverse drug effects of lithium... 

Oral administration of bicarbonate may decrease the absorption of ketoconazole. Increased blood levels of quinidine, flecainide, or sympatiiomimetics may occur when these agents are administered with bicarbonate There is an increased risk of crystalluria when bicarbonate is administered with the fluoroquinolones. Fbssible decreased effects of lithium, methotrexate, chlorpropamide, salicylates, and tetracyclines may occur when these drag s are administered with sodium bicarbonate. Sodium bicarbonate is not administered within 2 hours of enteric-coated drugs the protective enteric coating may disintegrate before the drug reaches the intestine. 

Figure 2 (A) Effect of lithium-degradation on anti-complementary activity of PG-lc (B) Anti-complementary activity of oligosaccharide-alditols obtained from PG-lc by lithium degradation...

Mukheijee, B.P., and Pradhan, S.N. Effects of lithium on foot shock-induced aggressive behavior in rats. Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 222 125-131, 1976. 

Increasing evidence shows an effect of lithium on suicidal behavior that is superior to other mood-stabilizing drugs.28 Lithium reduces the risk of deliberate self-harm or suicide by about 70%. 

Although these effects of lithium on PKC isozymes and MARCKS are striking, a major problem inherent in neu-ropharmacologic research is the difficulty in attributing therapeutic relevance to any observed biochemical finding. It is thus noteworthy that the structurally dissimilar... 

Lazarus, J. H., McGregor, A. M., Ludgate, M. et al. Effect of lithium carbonate therapy on thyroid immune status in manic depressive patients a prospective study. /. Affect. Disord. 11 155-160,1986. 

Lithium, like alcohol, can influence mood. This was discovered nearly 50 years ago by Cade (468), who was investigating the effects of lithium urate merely because it is a soluble urate salt. Lithium and not urate turned out to be the effective agent. Simple salts such as Li2C03 are widely used (by as many as 1 in every 1000 of the popula-... 

Effect of Lithium Nitrate as Inorganic Salt Additive in Grafting Styrene to Polypropylene Initiated by UV. ... 

Figure 31. Effect of lithium salt on dissolution from Li1.05Mn1.95O4 stored in EC/DMC (2 1) electrolytes at 55 °C. The Mn + concentrations in the electrolytes were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. (Reproduced with permission from ref 301 (Figure 4). Copyright 1999 The Electrochemical Society.)...

The nature of salt effects in monomolecular heterolysis has been reviewed. The experimental work of the same group on salt effects has continued with a study of the negative salt effect of lithium perchlorate on the heterolysis of 1-iodoadamantane in y-butyrolactone. It is assumed that the salt effect of lithium perchlorate is caused by the salt action on the solvent-separated ion pair of the substrate. 

The favourable effect of lithium bromide on facial enantioselective protonation of methyl tetralone enolate by a-sulfinyl alcohols has been attributed to coordination of lithium to both enolate and sulfinyl alcohol followed by competition between diastere-omeric paths involving intramolecular proton transfer the proposed transition-state model is supported by results of PM3 semiempirical calculations. ... 

Al-Sahhaf, T. and Kapetanovic, E. Salt effects of lithium chloride, sodium bromide, or potassium iodide on liquid-liquid equilibrium in the system water + 1-butanol, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42(l) 74-77, 1997. 

Kollig, H.P., Ellington, J.J., Weber, E.J., and Wolfe, N.L. Environmental research brief - Pathway analysis of chemical hydrolysis for 14 RCRA chemicals. Office of Research and Development. U.S. EPA Report 600/M-89/009, 1990, 6 p. Kolthoff, I.M. and Chantooni, M.K., Jr. Crown ether complexed alkali metal picrate ion pairs in water-saturated dichloro-methane as studied by electrolytic conductance and by partitioning into water. Effect of lithium chloride on partitioning, J. Chem. Eng. Data, 42(l) 49-53, 1997. 

Most of the lithium is eliminated in the urine, the first phase of the elimination being 6-8 hours after administration, followed by a slower phase which may last for 2 weeks. Sodium-depleting diuretics such as frusemide, ethacrynic acid and the thiazides increase lithium retention and therefore toxicity, while osmotic diuretics as exemplified by mannitol and urea enhance lithium excretion. The principal side effects of lithium are summarized in Table 8.1. 

Side effects usually associated with the toxic effects of lithium. 

Many of the adverse effects of lithium can be ascribed to the action of lithium on adenylate cyclase, the key enz)nne that links many hormones and neurotransmitters with their intracellular actions. Thus antidiuretic hormone and thyroid-stimulating-hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclases are inhibited by therapeutic concentrations of the drug, which frequently leads to enhanced diuresis, h)rpoth)n oidism and even goitre. Aldosterone synthesis is increased following chronic lithium treatment and is probably a secondary consequence of the enhanced diuresis caused by the inhibition of antidiuretic-hormone-sensitive adenylate cyclase in the kidney. There is also evidence that chronic lithium treatment causes an increase in serum parathyroid hormone levels and, with this, a rise in calcium and magnesium concentrations. A decrease in plasma phosphate and in bone mineralization can also be attributed to the effects of the drug on parathyroid activity. Whether these changes are of any clinical consequence is unclear. 

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