Salts simple

Fig. 11.8. Isobaric isothermal phase diagram for a six-salt simple ionic system (a) 3-D diagram (b) 2-D projection.

Aziridination Catalyzed by Iron, Manganese and Copper Salts Simple and Substrate-Induced Diastereoselectivity... 

This is ordinary electrophilic addition, with rate-determining protonation as the first step. Certain other alkynes have also been hydrated to ketones with strong acids in the absence of mercuric salts. Simple alkynes can also be converted to ketones by heating with formic acid, without a catalyst.Lactones have been prepared from trimethylsilyl alkenes containing an hydroxyl unit elsewhere in the molecule, when reacted with molecular oxygen, CuCla, and a palladium catalyst. ... 

Netherton MR, Fu GC (2001) Air-stable trialkylphosphonium salts simple, practical, and versatile replacements for air-sensitive trialkylphosphines. Applications in stoichiometric and catalytic processes. Org Lett 3 4295 1298... 

Groups closely related chemically to a group cited in list A rank in order of preference immediately after their parent groups e.gr., salts, simple esters, and acid halides after acids oximes, semicarbazones, etc., after the aldehyde or ketone. The lists in Table 4 are clearly not exhaustive but it is surprising how many actual cases it covers. 

Gilman [124] and Westwood and Hitch [135] have applied the cleavage technique to a variety of crystals. The salts studied (with cleavage plane and best surface tension value in parentheses) were LiF (100, 340), MgO (100, 1200), CaFa (111, 450), BaFj (111, 280), CaCOa (001, 230), Si (111, 1240), Zn (0001, 105), Fe (3% Si) (100, about 1360), and NaCl (100, 110). Both authors note that their values are in much better agreement with a very simple estimate of surface energy by Bom and Stem in 1919, which used only Coulomb terms and a hard-sphere repulsion. In more recent work, however, Becher and Freiman [126] have reported distinctly higher values of y, the critical fracture energy. ... 

It is accurate for simple low valence electrolytes in aqueous solution at 25 °C and for molten salts away from the critical point. The solutions are obtained numerically. A related approximation is the following. 

Towards a simple Lewis base, for example the proton, phosphine is a poorer electron donor than ammonia, the larger phosphorus atom being less able to form a stable covalent bond with the acceptor atom or molecule. Phosphine is, therefore, a much weaker base than ammonia and there is no series of phosphonium salts corresponding to the ammonium salts but phosphonium halides. PH4X (X = Cl, Br, I) can be prepared by the direct combination of phosphine with the appropriate hydrogen halide. These compounds are much more easily dissociated than ammonium halides, the most stable being the iodide, but even this dissociates at 333 K PH4I = PH3 -t- HI... 

Also, in anhydrous conditions, silver reacts with fluorine and forms silver difluoride AgFj and cobalt gives cobalt(III) fluoride, C0F3, these metals showing higher oxidation states than is usual in their simple salts. 

We have already seen that in the aquo-complex which is usually formed when a simple transition metal salt dissolves in water, the... 

Double salts of general formula M2SO4 -FeS04.6H2O (M = alkali metal or ammonium) can be obtained by crystallisation of solutions containing the appropriate proportions of the two simple salts ... 

As already noted, the simple salts in this oxidation state are powerful oxidising agents and oxidise water. Since, also, Co(III) would oxidise any halide except fluoride to halogen, the only simple halide salt is C0F3. Cobalt(lll) Jluoride, obtained by reaction of fluorine with cobalt(II) fluoride it is a useful fluorinating agent. 

How would you distinguish between the two salts that you have chosen in each of (a) and (b) and how would you convert the examples given in (c) and (d) so that the simple metal ion is obtained in each case (L, A)... 

The silver salts of most carboxylic acids are only sparingly soluble in cold water, and hence are readily prepared. Moreover they very rarely contain water of crystallisation, and therefore when dried can be analysed without further treatment. The analysis itself is simple, rapid and accurate, because gentle ignition of a weighed quantity of the silver salt in a crucible drives off the organic matter, leaving a residue of pure metallic silver. 

---