Lithium effect

The mechanism of action of U ions remains to be fully elucidated. Oiemi-cally, lithium is the lightest of the alkaU metals, which include such biologically important elements as sodium and potassium. Apart from interference with transmembrane cation fluxes (via ion channels and pumps), a lithium effect of major significance appears to be membrane depletion of phosphatidylinositol bisphosphates, the principal lipid substrate used by various receptors in transmembrane signalling (p. 66). 

Klein, R.G. (1991) Preliminary results lithium effects in conduct disorder. In CME Syllabus and Proceeding Summary, Symposium 2 The 144th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric As-sociation, New Orleans, LA, May 11-16, 1991. Washington, DC American Psychiatric Association, pp. 119-120. 

INOSITOL REVERSES LITHIUM EFFECTS ON ANIMAL BEHAVIOR... 

Belmaker RH, Revasov A, Bersudsky, et al Inositol passes the blood brain barrier sufficiently to reverse lithium effects on behavior in rats. Chn Neuropharmacol 15 (suppl l) 606-607, 1992... 

Collard KJ Lithium effects on brain 5-HT metabohsm, in Lithium in Medical Practice. Edited by Johnson FN, Johnson S. Lancaster, United Kingdom, MTP Press, 1978, pp 123-133... 

Martin P, Laurent S, Massol J, et al Effects of dihydropyridine drugs on reversal by imipramine of helpless behavior in rats. Eur J Pharmacol 162 185-188, 1989 Masana MI, Bitran JA, Hsiao JK, et al Lithium effects on noradrenergic linked adenylate cyclase activity in intact rat brain an in vivo microdialysis study. Brain Res 538 333-336, 1991... 

Treiser S, Kellar KJ Lithium effects on serotonin receptors in rat brain. Eur J Pharmacol 64 183-185, 1980... 

ACE inhibitors [NE] Probably reduce renal clearance of lithium increase lithium effect. 

Theophylline [P] Increased renal excretion of lithium reduced lithium effect. 

Lithium Renal lithium excretion sensitive to changes in sodium balance. (Sodium depletion tends to cause ACE inhibitors [NE] Probable reduced renal clearance of lithium increased lithium effect. 

NE] Probable reduced renal clearance of lithium increased lithium effect. 

A low-recycling boundary for a magnetically confined plasma may offer benefits from the point of view of confinement, however it presents other problems, for example with respect to fuelling of the confined plasma. While a solid wall in a long pulse device offers effectively 100% recycling from the surface, lithium effectively offers zero. Other flowing liquids may offer the possibility of a recycling coefficient somewhere in between these two extremes. 

In a 3-week, double-blind study of the cognitive effects of lithium (serum concentration about 0.8 mmol/1 n = 15) versus placebo (n = 15) in healthy subjects, lithium did not impair implicit recall, ability to process two tasks concurrently and simultaneously, short-term memory, or selective attention, but caused impaired learning during repeated administration of memory tests (226). Since neuropsychological testing could not distinguish lithium treatment from pre- and post-treatment in the lithium group, any lithium effects must be considered subtle at best. 

Perez Romera E, Munoz E, Mohamed F, Dominguez S, Scardapane L, Villegas O, Garcia Aseff S, Guzman JA. Lithium effect on testicular tissue and spermatozoa of viscacha (Lagostomus maximum maximus). A comparative study with rats. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2000 14(2) 81-3. 

Simple metal ions can affect profoundly a wide range of activities of physiological processes and cause subtle changes in biological function. The use of lithium in medicine is a very clear example of this. It has been the belief of one of us (NJB) for many years that the diversity of lithium effects reflects a very fundamental biochemical level of... 

Lithium induces release of enzymes from human granuloc3de granules in vitro (155). Lithium also potentiates enz3one secretion by receptor-independent cytochalasin, but the secretory response to receptor-dependent chemotactic peptide f-MLP was not increased (156). Lithium in high concentrations (10 mM) induced release of lactoferrin from human granulocytes in vitro (157), but lithium effects on other aspects of granulocyte function are less clear and there are contradictory reports of its action (139, 158). 

Rossof, A. H., and Robinson, W. A., Lithium Effects on Granulopoiesis and Immune Function. Plenum, New York, 1980. 

Treatment of toluene in methylamine with 4 equivalents of lithium effects reduction to a mixture of methylcyclohexenes found by VPC analysis to contain 59% of 1-methylcyclohexene (V) and 41% of 3- and 4-methylcyclohexene. The reactions... 

Hoeeobin DF (1991) Lithium effects on fatty acid metabolism and their role in therapy of seborrhoeic dermatitis and herpes infections. In Schrauzer GN and Klippel KF, eds. Lithium in Biology and Medicine. New Applications and Developments, pp. 65-72. VCH Verlagsgesellschaft, Weinheim-New York. 

Additional studies at NIH by Koong et al. (1999) further confirmed the inverse relationship between the beneficial lithium effect and the baseline half life values. Lithium prolonged the effective half life in 77% of metastases, and an increase of more than 50% was observed when the control biological half life was less than 3 days. As lithium treatment also resulted in increased accumulation in tumor, the average tumor radiation dose increased two-fold. No significant lithium effect could be seen if the half life was greater than 6 days. 

Hemodialysis removes lithium effectively and is indicated for intoxicated patients with seizures or severely abnormal mental status and for patients unable to excrete lithium renally (ie, anephric oranuric patients). Repeated and prolonged dialysis may be necessary because of slow movement of lithium out of the CNS. 

One UK manufacturer warns that drugs affecting electrolyte balance, such as corticosteroids, may alter lithium excretion and should therefore be avoided, but other manufaeturers do not appear to mention this potential interaction. An early study in rats reported increased lithium clearance with methylprednisolone. The available evidence is insufficient to recommend routine monitoring. However, it may be prudent to consider monitoring lithium effects in patients with renal impairment, or other conditions pre-disposing to lithium toxicity, taking levels if early symptoms suggest a potential problem. 

Lithium Effects on Bipolar (Manic-Depressive) Illness and Other Behavior... 

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