Educational research electrochemistry

Next, we review findings of educational research about the main areas of physical chemistry. Most of the work done was in the areas of basic thermodynamics and electrochemistry, and some work on quantum chemistry. Other areas, such as chemical kinetics, statistical thermodynamics, and spectroscopy, have not so far received attention (although the statistical interpretation of entropy is treated in studies on the concepts of thermodynamics). Because many of the basics of physical chemistry are included in first-year general and inorganic courses (and some even in senior high school), many of the investigations have been carried out at these levels. 

D. D. Macdonald, M. Urquidi-Macdonald, J. H. Mahaffy et al., Electrochemistry of Water-Cooled Nuclear Reactors, Nuclear Energy Education Research, Department of Energy, Washington, D.C., Grant No. DE-FG07-021D14334, Final Report 2006. 

For another review of education research on electrochemistry, see Tsaparlis, G. (2007). Teaching and learning physical chemistry -review of educational research. In Ellison, M.D. and Schoolcraft, T.A. cds) Adva nces in teaching physical chemistry (Chapter 7). Washington DC American Chemical Society (distributed by Oxford University Press). 

Mariagrazia Costa received her degree in physical chemistry a the University of Florence and served in its Department of Chemistry aU of her professional hfe until 1986 when she moved to the Laboratory of Educational Research in Chemical Education and Integrated Science. She has more than 250 print and 10 multimedia publications to her name. Her research activities have been in the area of spectrochemistry, electrochemistry, and chemical education, as well as in the history of chemistry. 

Garnett, P. J., Garnett, P. J., Treagust, D. (1990). Implication of research on students understanding of electrochemistry for improving science curricula and classroom practice. International Journal of Science Education, 72(1), 147-156. 

Antonio Domenech-Carb6 (Valencia, 1953) holds a PhD in Chemistry (University of Valencia, 1989) and is currently a Professor in the Department of Analytical Chemistry of the University of Valencia (Spain). His research is focused on supramolecular electrochemistry, electrochemistry of porous nanostmctured materials, and electroanalytical methods applied to the conservation and restoration of cultural heritage, as well as educational problems in science teaching. He has published more than 150 articles in scientific journals and monographs. He was a recipient of the Demetrio Ribes award (Valencian Regional Government) in 2006. 

Jan. 20, 1927, Cleveland, Ohio, USA - Aug. 10, 2004, Raleigh, NC, USA) Osteryoung received his bachelor s education at Ohio University and his Ph.D. at the University of Illinois. He was professor and Chairman of the Chemistry Department at Colorado State University, a professor at the State University of New York at Buffalo and research professor and Chair of the Department of Chemistry of North Carolina State University. He published about 225 original scientific papers, and was especially known for his papers on double potential step -> chronocoulometry, -> square-wave voltammetry, and room-temperature molten salt electrochemistry. He also initiated computer-controlled electrochemical measurements, which helped in developing and optimizing - pulse voltammetry. He served as an Associate Editor for the journal Analytical Chemistry. 

Runo, J.R., Peters, D.G. Climbing a potential ladder to understanding concepts in electrochemistry. Journal of Chemical Education 70 (1993), 708 Sanger, M.J., Greenbowe, T.J. Common student misconceptions in electrochemistry Galvanic, electrolytic, and concentration cells. Journal of Research in Science Teaching 34 (1997), 377... 

Multidisciplinary Activities and Education in Corrosion Science and Engineering Industry, government, and academia should foster multidisciplinary research approaches. These will draw upon advances made in related fields of physics, mathematics, and electrochemistry, among others, and must build on the strengths of individual participants and facilities in these several fields. 

Although this book significantly differs from the earlier Colloid Chemistry textbook, it nevertheless focuses on the specifics of educational and research work carried out at the Colloid Chemistry Division at the Chemistry Department of MSU. Many results presented in this book represent the art developed in the laboratories of the Colloid Chemistry Division, in the Laboratory of Physical-Chemical Mechanics (headed by E.D. Shchukin since 1967) of the Institute of Physical Chemistry of the Russian Academy of Science, and in other research institutions and industrial laboratories under the guidance of the authors and with their direct participation. Special attention is devoted in the book to the broad capabilities that the use of surfactants offers for controlling the properties and behavior of disperse systems and various materials due to the specific physico-chemical interactions taking place at interfaces. At the same time the authors made every effort to avoid duplication of material traditionally covered in textbooks on physical chemistry, electrochemistry, polymer chemistry, etc. These include adsorption from the gas phase on solid surfaces (by microporous adsorbents), the structure of the dense part of the electrical double layer, electrocapillary phenomena, specific properties of polymer colloids, and some other areas. 

Studies in solid state ionics, high temperature electrochemistry and fuel cells have been financed at EPFL by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, by the Federal Office of Education and Science for participation in European Union research projects, and by the National Priority Programme for Materials (now terminated). The work continues in the context of the International Energy Agency programme for research, development and demonstration of advanced fuel cells, and of the European Science Foundation consortium OSSEP. 

In our view, all the suggestions given above are promising and may function as a guide for chemistry teachers, textbook writers, curriculum developers and researchers to improve education in the wonderful topic of electrochemistry. 

In late 1915 or early 1916, Schmidt, a cousin of Friedrich Schmidt-Ott, " ministerial director and later Prussian Kultusminister (Minister of Education), contacted Fritz Haber, whose Kaiser Wilhelm Institute (henceforth KWI) for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry had from late 1914 been converted into a centre for chemical warfare research. Schmidt proposed the creation of a foundation with an endowment of 250,000 marks to reward persons who have rendered a scientific or technical service to the war effort and who can use it . Schmidt envisaged that Captain Haber would manage the foundation and propose suitable individuals for honours. The documents do not show whether Schmidt was thinking of himself, but he did belong to the circle of possible candidates. He had developed a tear gas, as well as a method to produce artificial fog (so-called Hochst fog ), which was used in the Battle of Jutland on 31 May 1916. 

Electrochemistry as a subject is approached using the fundamental concepts of physical chemistry and physics, and the theoretical aspects are dealt with from a strictly mathematical point of view. Focusing on aqueous media, this book describes the particular phenomena involved at the electrolyte and interfaces. Various research methods are listed (amperometry, impedancemetry, and voltamperometry). Specifically targeted at students in higher education, and even stretching to researchers. 

V.D. Jovic (Chaps. 7 and 8) is thankful to U.C. Lacnjevac and B.M. Jovic from the Institute for Multidisciplinary Research University of Belgrade, Serbia, for contributions in the published chapters in Modern Aspects of Electrochemistry series. He further expresses his gratitude to Prof. Ivan Krastev, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Science, for providing necessary literature and explanation of specific stmctural phenomena in electrodeposition of alloys, given in Sect. 2.3 of Chap. 7. Popov, Nikolic, and Jovic are also indebted to the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia, for the financial support of this work. 

Dr. Saha also worked as a Research Associate with Professor Xueliang Sun at the University of Western Ontario, Canada. Dr. Saha has over seven years of R D experience in theoretical and applied electrochemistry, including over two years of fuel cell R D. He has co-authored more than twenty-five research papers published in refereed journals and holds over ten patents. He has also produced in excess of twenty industrial technical reports. Dr. Saha is an active member of The Electrochemical Society and the American Chemical Society. He was awarded the Monbukagakusho Fellowship from the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology, Japan (1998-2001). His research focuses on nanostructured materials, including nanotubes and nanowires synthesis, and electrochemical characterization and applications as alternative electrode supports for PEM fuel cells. 

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