High-temperature electrochemistry

The High Temperature Electrochemistry Center (HiTEC) Advanced Research Program provides research for supporting SECA, fuel cell coal based systems, and FutureGen. HiTEC is located at the Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL) with support groups at Montana State Uni-... 

Introduction.—Texts describing the high-temperature electrochemistry and physical chemistry of vanadium and oxygen compounds of this element have been published, and the compilation of the chemistry of organovanadium compounds has been revised. ... 

In this chapter, we first discuss the principal motivations for doing electrochemistry at other than room temperature and attempt to delineate the type of chemical information that can be obtained from such measurements. The emphasis is on measurements at reduced temperatures, though the principles apply to high-temperature electrochemistry as well. 

In the second part, examples of electrochemical studies at low temperatures will be given, followed by a discussion of some of the practical aspects of doing electrochemistry under such conditions. Some of the techniques and procedures differ considerably from those of high-temperature electrochemistry, and, in fact, this field of low-temperature measurements has been given the moniker cryo-electrochemistry. 

H. L. Tuller, in Proceedings of 17th Rise International Symposium Materials Science High Temperature Electrochemistry Ceramics and Metals, Ed. by F. W. Poulsen, N. Bonanos, S. Linderoth, M. Mogensen, B. Zachau-Christiansen, p. 139, Rise National Laboratory, Roskilde, Denmark, 1996. 

Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch RAS 620219 Ekaterinburg, Sverdlovsk Region, Russia... 

Ionic liquids, mainly molten salts. These include melts for high-temperature electrochemistry and room temperature molten salts. 

Studies in solid state ionics, high temperature electrochemistry and fuel cells have been financed at EPFL by the Swiss Federal Office of Energy, by the Federal Office of Education and Science for participation in European Union research projects, and by the National Priority Programme for Materials (now terminated). The work continues in the context of the International Energy Agency programme for research, development and demonstration of advanced fuel cells, and of the European Science Foundation consortium OSSEP. 

Fundamental research in the field of SOFCs started in Russia in the end of 1950s at the Institute of Electrochemistry in Sverdlovsk (now the Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry, IHTE, Ekaterinburg). From the very outset, the works included study of solid oxide electrolytes (SOEs), electrode materials and electrode kinetics, other components of SOFC interconnects, seals, etc. 

Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry of Russian Academy of Science, Ekatherineburg 620016, Rissia... 

Shkerin S.N. Izv. Akad. Nauk. Ser. Fiz. 2002. V. 66. p. 890. in Russian. Suzuki Y., Kohzaki T. H Solid State Ionics. 1993. V.59. P. 307. van HasselB.A., Burggraaf A.J. H Solid State Ionics.1992. V.57.P.193. Kurumchin E.Kh. Doctoral Thesis. Ekaterinburg, Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Branch RAS. 1997. in Russian. Salmon H., Chaumont J., Dolin C., Monty C. H Ceramic transactions. 

I also wish to acknowledge the Iowa State University, Engineering Research Institute for continued financial support of research in high temperature electrochemistry and for help during the initial stages of manuscript preparation. 

In about 1958-1960, a large program of studies into these fuel cells was conducted at the University of Amsterdam (Netherlands) by Broers and Ketelaar (Broers and Ketelaar, 1961). A little later, such studies were also initiated at the Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry in Yekaterinburg (Russia) (Stepanov, 1972-1974). 

Right after the work of Davtyan that we referred to earlier, vigorous studies into solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFC) with electrolytes on the basis of zirconium dioxide doped with oxides of yttrium and other metals were started in many places and particularly at the Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry already mentioned (Palguyev and Volchenkova, 1958 Chebotin et al., 1971). The working temperature in these cells was in the range of 8(X)-1000 C. 

Palgnyev SF, Volchenkova ZS. Proceedings of Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, No. 2 1958. p. 183. 

S. Primdahl and P. V. Hendriksen [1996] Pitfalls in Solid Electrode Characterisation, in High Temperature Electrochemistry, Ceramics and Metals, Proc. 17th Ris0 Inti. Symposium on Materials Science, ed. F. W. Poulsen,... 

Tuller, FI. L. (1996). Ionic and mixed conductors materials design and optimization, High Temperature Electrochemistry Ceramics and Metals, pp. 139-133, Poulsen, F., Bonanos, N. S., Linderoth, S., Mogensen, M., and Zachau-Christiansen, B., eds., Roskilde, Denmark Ris0 National Laboratory. 

N.M. BARBIN, V.N. NECRASOV, D.I. TERENTIEV, A.P. PEKAR Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry, Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 20 Kovalevskaya Str., 620219 Ekaterinburg GSP-146, Russia... 

Institute of High Temperature Electrochemistry of the Ural Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences,... 

Nekrasov, V.N., Cherepanov, V.B., and Ivanovsky, L.E. (1986) High Temperature Electrochemistry electrolytes, kinetics, USC RAS, Ekaterinbourg... 

Work on MCFCs was resumed in the 1960s in many places for example, in the Institute of High-Temperature Electrochemistry in Ekaterinburg, Russia (Stepanov, 1972-1974) and in the Institute of Gas Technology in Chicago (Baker et al., 1980). A large contribution to this field was made by Broers and Ketelaar (1961) in Amsterdam. 

Tungstates and molybdates of alkali and alkali-earth metals are typically ionic liquids. They are thermally stable, have comparatively low melting temperatures (e.g., for sodium tungstate and molybdate, which are most widely used in high-temperature electrochemistry, they are 971 and 960 K) and viscosity (8.36 and 5.35 mN s cm" at 1000 K), and a rather high density (3.61-3.85 and 2.57-2.81 g/cm ), specific conductivity (0.84 and 071 Ohm -cm at 1073 K), and decomposition potential (1.53 and 1.39 V at 1000K) [3,16,17]. These properties of the above electrolytes are important for the electrodeposition of refractory metals and their... 

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