Multidisciplinary research

The iirfrastracture of national security and homeland defense research needs improvement. Though many scientists are interested in assisting national security efforts, researchers who work with dangerous or iirfectious materials often have difficulties obtaining authorization for their work and even for receiving their samples. Additionally, research is not as efficient as possible due to lack of industry collaboration of access to intellectual property (IP) and classified iirfor-mation and of peer review of research proposals, engineered applications, and 

To some, it seems that there has been a paucity of high-quaiity vao-oines reiated to ohemicai and bioiogioai terrorist threats for U.S. residents. Untii very reoentiy, though, the Department of Defense (DOD) has been the oniy organization interested in vaooines for these types of threats. DOD has spent a iarge amount of money on the research and deveiop-ment for suoh vaooines with great suooess—in the iast 8 years or so, approximateiy 12 new vaccines have been deveioped and proven effeo-tive on rhesus monkeys. 

Gradnate edncation and research is generally not designed to prepare stndents to address real-world issnes in technology, especially national secnrity related concerns. Stndents fields of stndy tend to be narrow with limited exposnre to research and issnes in other scientific disciplines. The research that is envisioned as most beneficial to national secnrity is often interdisciplinary—an intersection of chemistry, biology, physics, engineering, and materials science. Gradrrate 

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Chemical engineers will be frequent participants in multidisciplinary research efforts. Chemical engineering has a long history of fraitful interdisciplinary research with the chemical... 

Institute for Multidisciplinary Research of Advanced Materials, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan... 

The introduction of low-cost, mass-produced optical nano-sensors will be based on multidisciplinary research where all aspects - photonics, micro- en nanotechnology, (bio-)chemistry of interfaces and system aspects - are considered. Real breakthrough therefore will be only possible in close cooperations between strong groups active in the different fields. 

Certainly a wise solution to contrast such a flood of absurdities is to invest in multidisciplinary research and intense demonstration, and parallel activities of capacity building with the active participation of the stakeholders. When convinced producers become the sentinels of environmental quality obvious and durable advantages on the ground of social and environmental impacts will be achieved. 

We thank the postgraduate and postdoctoral research co-workers for their motivation and determination to succeed in this multidisciplinary research... 

Dr. Sangwan obtained his PhD from Haryana Agriculture University Hisar and carried out postdoctoral research at Queens University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. His interest in multidisciplinary research motivated work on plant metabolites at CSIR- Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, Lucknow-22601. His current research interest involves Translational Biochemistry ... 

This book is dedicated exclusively to the family of nanocarbon hybrids covering a multidisciplinary research field that combines materials chemistry and physics with nanotechnology and applied energy sciences. It provides both introductory material on fundamental principles as well as reviews of the current research. Therefore, this book should be helpful for Master and PhD students wishing to become familiar with a modern field of knowledge-driven material science as well as for senior researchers and industrial staff scientists who explore the frontiers of knowledge. 

Roy, W. R. Griffin, R. A. 1982. A proposed classification system for coal fly ash in multidisciplinary research. Journal of Environmental Quality, 11, 563-568. 

As is often the case in multidisciplinary research, a number of different assays have been developed to monitor the inhibition of hemozoin aggregation (Table 1). Consequently, a great deal of confusion has arisen in the literature concerning the exact efficacy of a particular hemozoin inhibitor. For this reason, it is worthwhile to discuss the principal assays employed in the evaluation of antimalarial compounds and those assays specifically designed to evaluate heme aggregation inhibition. 

These simple and mostly intuitive arguments apply mainly to chemical and biological reaction engineering systems. For other systems such as fluid flow systems, the sources and causes of bifurcation and chaos can be quite different. It is well established that the transition from laminar flow to turbulent flow is a transition from nonchaotic to chaotic behavior. The synergetic interaction between hydrodynamically induced bifurcation and chaos and that resulting from chemical and biological reaction/diffusion is not well studied and calls for an extensive multidisciplinary research effort. 

The signature in the real world is an institution rooted deeply in human culture. Therefore, multidisciplinary research is needed to achieve wider acceptance of electronic signatures. 

The barrier properties of human skin have long been an area of multidisciplinary research. Skin is one of the most difficult biological barriers to penetrate and traverse, primarily due to the presence of the stratum corneum. The stratum cor-neum is composed of comeocytes laid in a brick-and-mortar arrangement with layers of lipid. The corneocytes are partially dehydrated, anuclear, metabolically active cells completely filled with bundles of keratin with a thick and insoluble envelope replacing the cell membrane [29]. The primary lipids in the stratum corneum are ceramides, free sterols, free fatty acids and triglycerides [30], which form lamellar lipid sheets between the corneocytes. These unique structural features of the stratum comeum provide an excellent barrier to the penetration of most molecules, particularly large, hydrophilic molecules such as ASOs. 

Baxter, M. and Mann, P. R. (1969). Electron microscope studies of the invasion of human hair in vitro by three keratinophilic fungi. Sabouraudia 7, 33-37. Beattie, O. (1992). The results of multidisciplinary research into preserved human tissues from the Franklin Arctic Expedition of 1845, in Proceedings of the 1st World Congress on Mummy Studies, Cabildo de Tenerife, 579-586. 

The retrieval of literature has presented difficulties. Frequently, the Tsuji-Trost method is used in multidisciplinary research to perform one step in the preparation of one compound. Because the object of such research is far from the Pd-catalyzed allylation, mention of the corresponding step is absent in the title, the abstract, and the key words. In this review, our intention has been to cover all the available literature, and we have made considerable efforts to do so. However, some readers may note that his or her work has been omitted. If so, this has been inadvertent and we apologize in advance. Moreover, we would be grateful if such omissions were communicated to us. The missing references will be included in future reviews. 

I thank my postgraduate and postdoctoral co-workers for undaunting motivation and determination to succeed in this multidisciplinary research field their names appear in the references. Special thanks go to Dr. M. G. B. Drew for his many structure determinations and molecular mechanics calculations. I gratefully acknowledge the financial support of the SERC, ICI Specialties, ICI Pharmaceuticals, ICI Chemicals and Polymers, BP (Sunbury), MediSense, Ministry of Defence, Kodak, Serpentix, Unilever, The Royal Society, NATO, Research Corporation Trust, and L. and D. Blond. 

At Charles Sturt University (CSU), Australia, a multidisciplinary research group has been interested in the chemical basis for plant allelopathy for a number of years. One major impediment to progress has been the difficulty in tracking trace amounts of biologically active substances within complex plant and soil matrices. Recent improvements in bench-top chromatography-mass spectrometry have, however, greatly improved this situation.3,5... 

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